Difference between revisions of "Redentran Musescorian"
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{{wp|stress (linguistics)|Stress}}, while not {{wp|phoneme|phonemic}}, is still integral to understanding the language, as it gives an indication of what vowels are being used in the word. Since Redentran Musescorian vowels are often reduced, the stress allows the vowels to be determined. Stress in Redentran Musescorian is a combination of duration, intensity, and pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and are often pronounced at a higher pitch than the rest of the word. | {{wp|stress (linguistics)|Stress}}, while not {{wp|phoneme|phonemic}}, is still integral to understanding the language, as it gives an indication of what vowels are being used in the word. Since Redentran Musescorian vowels are often reduced, the stress allows the vowels to be determined. Stress in Redentran Musescorian is a combination of duration, intensity, and pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and are often pronounced at a higher pitch than the rest of the word. | ||
| − | Stress can occur anywhere in the word, but often tends to fall on either the first or last syllable. Classically, stress falls on the last front vowel (ay, e, ej, h, hj, i, iy) in the word, or on the first syllable containing a vowel if there is no front vowel in the word (i.e. all the vowels are one of a, aj, ij, o, oj, u, uy, y). Syllables whose vocalic component is a vocalic consonant can never be stressed. When stress does not fall on the classic syllable (as in many loan words), the stress is marked using an {{wp|acute accent}}. | + | Stress can occur anywhere in the word, but often tends to fall on either the first or last syllable. Classically, stress falls on the last front vowel (ay, e, ej, h, hj, i, iy) in the word, or on the first syllable containing a vowel if there is no front vowel in the word (i.e. all the vowels are one of a, aj, ij, o, oj, u, uy, y). For nouns, the stress always falls within the noun stem and never within a prepositional prefix; thus the word ''davanardok'' is stressed as ''davanárdok'', not ''dávanardok''. Syllables whose vocalic component is a vocalic consonant can never be stressed. When stress does not fall on the classic syllable (as in many loan words), the stress is marked using an {{wp|acute accent}}. This marker is also used in {{wp|dictionaries}}. Below is a list of words with the stressed syllable bolded. |
| + | * Re'''den'''tro | ||
| + | * Guta'''ril''' | ||
| + | * '''Kar'''drajv | ||
| + | * '''Zu'''ala | ||
| + | * Mjeli'''fjum''' | ||
| + | * '''Kár'''wh | ||
| + | * '''Rh́'''tijo | ||
In terms of rhythm, Redentran Musescorian is a {{wp|isochrony|stress-timed}} language, with stressed syllables being noticeably longer than unstressed syllables; however, there are also breaks between words and long groups of consonants can also extend syllables, which is uncharacteristic of this type of timing. Timing is very lax in Redentran Musescorian, and often is abandoned entirely, especially in poetic settings. | In terms of rhythm, Redentran Musescorian is a {{wp|isochrony|stress-timed}} language, with stressed syllables being noticeably longer than unstressed syllables; however, there are also breaks between words and long groups of consonants can also extend syllables, which is uncharacteristic of this type of timing. Timing is very lax in Redentran Musescorian, and often is abandoned entirely, especially in poetic settings. | ||
Revision as of 14:07, 23 August 2015
| This page is a work in progress by its author(s) and should not be considered final. |
{{Infobox language |name=Redentran Musescorian |nativename=Redentroða |state= Redentro |pronunciation=ɾɛ'dɛn.tr̥o.ða |acceptance=widely accepted |ethnicity=Redentran |speakers= |familycolor=other |family=Rayunjin |ancestor=Gershingklitho |ancestor2=Zdelmyor |ancestor3=Mityazyanda |dia1=Rayunjin |dia2=Zualan |script=Latin |sign=Redentran Signed Language |nation= Redentro |iso1=rm |map=rayunjilangs.png |mapcaption=Redentran Musescorian (shown in red) where spoken in the Lands of Musescorrun. |NOTE: This template is not properly closed because of the current Script Error issue, which breaks it. This issue prevents me from editing this article while this template is included in it. If this issue has been fixed, feel free to remove this note and properly close the template. Redentro (talk) 21:48, 13 August 2015 (EDT)
Redentran Musescorian (Redentroða) is a mixed language with a grammar similar to that of Mityazyanda and a vocabulary similar to that of Musescorian. It is spoken in much of Redentro, where it formed through a relexification of Mityazyanda.
Contents
History
The language, initially considered a dialect of Musescorian, formed in the former Nation of Mityazyanda Peoples on the southern section of Blue Island in the present-day Redentran district of Thermapole and Mityazyanda. Use of Redentran Musescorian spread throughout Blue Island, and in 1708 it was declared the official dialect of The Realm of Thermapole. Because of Thermapole's persistent role as a mediator in disputes between the Redentran City-States, the dialect quickly spread through the city-states of Redentro, Penzer, and Wirthal. By 1874, the dialect was official in all three nations.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ʁ | ||
| Approximant | ɬ | l | j | w | ||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||
| Trill | r̥ | r | ||||||||||
| Co-articulated | rʶ | Voiced uvularized alveolar trill | ||||||||||
| r̥ʶ | Voiceless uvularized alveolar trill | |||||||||||
R, and L, and the apostrophe
The letters ⟨r⟩, ⟨l⟩, and ⟨'⟩ in Redentran Musescorian can make different sounds depending on what other consonants, if any, are present near them. The letter ⟨r⟩, which represents the phoneme /r/, makes the sound [ɾ] when not adjacent to any other consonants. When grouped with voiced consonants, it sounds as [r], and when grouped with unvoiced consonants, it sounds as [r̥]. The letter ⟨l⟩ sounds as [l] when not adjacent to any other consonants, and when grouped with voiced consonants, and sounds as [ɬ] when grouped with unvoiced consonants. The symbol ⟨'⟩ is pronounced as [x] when not adjacent to any other consonants and with unvoiced consonants, and as [ʁ] when with voiced consonants. Very rarely in Redentran Musescorian, the combination ⟨r'⟩ can occur. This combination uniquely has the strange property that the pronunciation of the uvular fricative begins before the end of the alveolar trill, leading to both being pronounced at the same time. This is often written as [rʶ] for the voiced variant and [r̥ʶ] for the unvoiced variant when recording pronunciation. These sounds are often taught using the following tongue-twister, as it contains all nine of these sounds:
| 'Hdyn eb'avi enhlini aprhmi. Mi ebhva apr'Hdyn þar. Kur'Hdyn neb'avi 'hlen. Klmarðaþ nebhva klamiċ. Kur'Hdyn mi nebhva þar, apr'Hdyn neb'avi. |
ˈxe.dn̩ ɛb.ʁaˈβi ɛ.ne.liˈni ap.r̥eˈmi |
Vowels
PhonotacticsA Redentran Musescorian syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound or a vocalic consonant sound (one of l̩, ɬ̩, m̩, n̩, r̩, or r̥̍). Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to four consonant sounds, as in ẋbrjotna /ˈʒbrjot.na/, and can end with up to two, as in vilndra /ˈβiln.dra/. This gives Redentran Musescorian syllables the structure (CCCC)V(CC), where C represents a consonant and V a vowel or vocalic consonant. The consonants which may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can have nine different types of clusters: a stop and approximant or trill, as in prokses /pr̥okˈsɛs/; a fricative and an approximant or trill, as in xlas /ʃlas/; a fricative and a stop, as in xterna /ˈʃtɛr.na/; a fricative, a stop, and an approximant or trill, as in sklhrhlnu /sklɛrˈeln.u/; l or r and j or w, as in rwuno /ˈrwu.no/; a stop, l or r, and j or w, as in trjaty /tr̥jatʰ/; a fricative, l or r, and j or w, as in flwar /ɸlwar/; a fricative, a stop, l or r, and j or w, as in ẋbrjotna /ˈʒbrjot.na/; a nasal and j or w, as in mwoða /ˈmwo.ða/; or an affricate and j, as in ċjudikaro /d͡ʒjuˈdi.kar.o/. Codas are much more limited, and can only contain one type of cluster, an approximant or trill followed by a nasal. The consonant produced by the apostrophe cannot be used in any onset clusters, and cannot be used at all in the coda. Stress and RhythmStress, while not phonemic, is still integral to understanding the language, as it gives an indication of what vowels are being used in the word. Since Redentran Musescorian vowels are often reduced, the stress allows the vowels to be determined. Stress in Redentran Musescorian is a combination of duration, intensity, and pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and are often pronounced at a higher pitch than the rest of the word. Stress can occur anywhere in the word, but often tends to fall on either the first or last syllable. Classically, stress falls on the last front vowel (ay, e, ej, h, hj, i, iy) in the word, or on the first syllable containing a vowel if there is no front vowel in the word (i.e. all the vowels are one of a, aj, ij, o, oj, u, uy, y). For nouns, the stress always falls within the noun stem and never within a prepositional prefix; thus the word davanardok is stressed as davanárdok, not dávanardok. Syllables whose vocalic component is a vocalic consonant can never be stressed. When stress does not fall on the classic syllable (as in many loan words), the stress is marked using an acute accent. This marker is also used in dictionaries. Below is a list of words with the stressed syllable bolded.
In terms of rhythm, Redentran Musescorian is a stress-timed language, with stressed syllables being noticeably longer than unstressed syllables; however, there are also breaks between words and long groups of consonants can also extend syllables, which is uncharacteristic of this type of timing. Timing is very lax in Redentran Musescorian, and often is abandoned entirely, especially in poetic settings. GrammarThe grammar of Redentran Musescorian is very similar to that of colloquial Mityazyanda, with several of Mityazyanda's quirks, including the lack of any articles. One of Mityazyanda's quirks is notably missing from Redentran Musescorian; the language does not use Mityazyanda's case system, instead using a prefix (ke-) to denote possession and relation, and a separate word (luy) to denote conjunction. This use of prefixes as prepositions means that Redentran Musescorian is agglutinative, while Musescorian is much more isolating. Redentran Musescorian does not use formal Mityazyanda's sentence structure system, instead using the simplified system of SVO word order used by colloquial Mityazyanda. The language distinguishes four major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjuncts (adverbs and adjectives), conjunctions. These word classes are exemplified in the following sentence:
NounsRedentran Musescorian nouns are only inflected for number, but can also take one or more prepositional prefixes denoting them as either secondary nouns or indirect objects. They are semantically divided into proper nouns (names) and common nouns, and grammatically divided into countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are inflected for number, while uncountable nouns are always used in the plural inflection. This is different from Musescorian, where uncountables are always used in the singular inflection. Generally, nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural suffix "-(h)þ", but nouns ending in "i" use the alternative suffix "-ð", and some nouns have irregular plural forms. Regular Plural formation:
Irregular plural formation:
Prepositional PrefixesNouns in Redentran Musescorian can be declined into cases through the use of prepositional prefixes. These indicate possession (xi'e), spatial relation (enh, aph, aprh, etc.), temporal relation (dava, per, etc.), origin (per), direction (da, etc.), and general relation (ke), among other things. Notably missing from the system is any subject-object distinction. These are determined entirely through word order. Most of these can be used to denote an indirect object phrase. Below is a table of prepositional prefixes and their meanings:
PronounsUnlike in English, Redentran Musescorian pronouns are unambiguously considered to be nouns. This is because pronouns work in the place of nouns both syntactically and functionally in all situations. Pronouns in Redentran Musescorian can take prepositional prefixes in exactly the same way as regular nouns. However, pronouns do not inflect for pluralness in the same way as nouns.
Pronouns are used to refer to entities deictically or anaphorically. A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation. For example, the pronoun mi refers to the speaker and the pronoun el refers to the addressee. Anaphorical pronouns such as ed and þot, refer to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience. VerbsRedentran Musescorian verbs are inflected agglutinatively for tense, mood, and negativity. The copula verb era has inflection for active (era) and passive (erak) linking, although the copula verb va, which is interchangeable, does not. Negation is indicated with the addition of the prefix n(e)-. Most verbs have seven tenses. The primary forms are the infinitive, simple present, simple past, simple future, active participle, passive participle, and conditional tenses. The present tense is marked with the suffix -(a)x, while the past is indicated with the prefix eb(h)-. The future tense is marked with the suffix -(i)nix. The active participle is marked with the prefix h(g)- and the suffix -(i)ċ, while the passive participle is marked with only the suffix -(i)ċ. The conditional tense is marked with the prefix þ(u)-. Perfect forms are indicated by adding the suffix -(h)ð to the simple tense form (after any other suffixes). Verbs can be negated by adding the prefix n(e)- to the verb (before any other prefixes). Compound tenses such as the past-present (eb(h)-(i)nix) are possible, but uncommon. |
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