Albanian Gendarmerie (Italian Empire)
| Somali Gendarmerie | |
|---|---|
|
Xhandarmëria Shqiptare Gendarmeria Albanese | |
 The War Flag of the Albanian Gendarmerie | |
| Active |
1915-1939 1946-present |
| Country | Kingdom of Albania |
| Allegiance | Italian Empire |
| Type | Gendarmerie |
| Role | Law enforcement |
| Size | 13,446 troops |
| Nickname | Arma d'Albania |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander |
Major General Gjon Ulbasoni |
The Albanian Gendarmerie (Albanian: Xhandarmëria Shqiptare; Italian: Gendarmeria Albanese) is the Gendarmerie force of the Kingdom of Albania. Being an Albanian militarized police force, it has several entities which has to respond to: for police and security duties the Gendarmerie depends on the Albanian Ministry of Interior; for co-ordination purposes, it depends on the Directorate General of Public Security in Rome; finally, for military purposes it reports to the Army Higher Command Balkans head-quartered in Tirana. It is to be noted that the Albanian Gendarmerie is mainly a preventive force of public security, but it has also detective/repressive duties as a judicial police corps.
Officers and agents of the Gendarmerie depend on their superiors. For institutional services the Corps Commands depend on government authorities having jurisdiction over the area where they are located. Those authorities, except in extraordinary cases, only turn to commanders who then give necessary provisions.
The Albanian Gendarmerie is a deeply rooted force in the Albanian society, and therefore it is usually given a small quota of representatives in collegial government institutions.
History
The Gendarmerie traces its origins back to 1915, when the Gendarmerie School was established by the Carabinieri. The Mission drafted, adapted from the Italian regulations, Regulations and General Staff as well as borrowed from the Italian model were the type of recruitment (voluntary and selective) and weaponry. During the late 1920s, the Royal Albanian Gendarmerie was re-organized and staffed by British officers as part of the Royal Albanian Army. In 1939, when Albania was annexed to Italy, it was merged with the Carabinieri, constituting the "Carabinieri Higher Command for Albania" (It.: "Comando Superiore Carabinieri per l'Albania"); after the proclamation of the Republic, the Higher Command was transformed in an autonomous Gendarmerie force. The first Commandant General of Albanian descent was Brigadier General Gajur Deralla, who held office from 1957 to 1960.
The Albanian Social Republic was reverted to Kingdom (whose crown is held by Duce of Italy) on 28 October 2002. The current Commandant General is Major General Gjon Ulbasoni, who took office in 2012.
Organization
The Gendarmerie has a mainly territorial focus. The General Command, held by a Major General, assisted a General Staff, provides overall guidance. Under the General Command, there are a Schools Command, 2 Legions (Gjirokastër and Tirana), 12 battalions (1 per Province), with 48 companies (1 per sub-prefecture) and 102 Territorial Stations. The Gendarmerie has 314 officers, 1,915 subofficers and 11,217 corporals and gendarmes. The Gendarmerie also has a Central Operational Unit (Al: Njësia Operative Qendrore; It: Unità Operativa Centrale) which handles most serious crimes, and two Legion Forensics Cabinets, while for public order duties the Gendarmerie is often supported by the Fascist Militia. The Gendarmerie Schools Command is organized according to military patterns; the Gendarmerie Academy in Valona deals with officer training, while the two Cadet Gendarmes Schools, in Gjirokastër and Tirana, deal with troops training. The Subofficers training is carried out by the Gendarmerie Academy in Valona, which operates the Subofficers School. As for the Italian P.S. organization, Schools and Academy are strategically placed across the Country in order to provide and additional manpower reserve, in case of rebellions or uprisings.
The main Commands under the Albanian Gendarmerie are led by Brigadier Generals or Colonels:
- Xhandarmëria Rrugore (Traffic Gendarmerie);
- Xhandarmëria Kufitare (Border Gendarmerie);
- Komandat e Shkollave të Xhandarmërisë (Gendarmerie Schools Command).
Some other bodies are led by senior officers:
- Njësia e Policisë Ushtarake (Military Police Unit) led by a Major;
- Reparti i Policisë Financiare (Finance Police Department, with two Legional units) led by a Lieutenant Colonel.
Uniforms
The Albanian Gendarmerie wears dark blue uniforms, similar in cut and style to Italian uniforms. Contrary to the M.V.S.N. and to the Albanian Royal Guard, the Gendarmerie does not use the Sam Brown belt and features a red strip on their trousers.
Albanian Gendarmerie service uniform.
Ranks and insignia
The Albanian Gendarmerie is led by a Major General, and therefore there is no Lieutenant General; when the Italian Lieutenant General conducts his inspections and visits, he wears his Italian uniform. From a graphic point of view, the officer insignia pattern is closely modelled on the Italian one, with the Generals' insignia coming from a reform proposal for all the Generals' insignia, also in Italian Corps. All officer rank insignia feature the Star as basic component. Subofficers are the Albanian translation of Italian Marshals, and they are military subofficers like the Italian counterpart: their insignia have the horizontal stripes of the non-Italian subofficers. Finally, enlisted ranks do not have sleeve insignia but shoulder boards depicting their rank; the Albanian Gendarmerie is the only Corps which has such a rank system. Enlisted ranks are six, just as the Italian CPR.
As a whole, the Albanian Gendarmerie is a State military corps, just like the Royal Police Corps or the Royal Carabinieri, and is part of the Italian military system, although its State is the Kingdom of Albania, and not the Kingdom of Italy. In order to display this different affiliation, the Albanian Gendarmerie has an its own version of the Military Star. The Albanian Military Star actually is an Italian Military Star surmounted by an Helm of Skanderberg, the Albanian most important national hero. This symbol has been inherited by the Italian Kingdom of Albania (1939-1946), and it is considered by Albanian nationalists a proud distinction.
| Albanian Gendarmerie military officers ranks and insignia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian Gendarmerie rank | Nëntoger | Toger | Kapiten | Major | Nënkolonel | Kolonel | Gjeneralbrigad | Gjeneralmajor | |
| English translation | Second Lieutenant | Lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant Colonel | Colonel | Brigadier General | Major General | |
| Royal Police Corps rank (also Italian translation) |
Sottotenente | Tenente | Capitano | Maggiore | Tenente Colonnello | Colonnello | Brigadier Generale | Maggior Generale | |
| Corresponding Army rank (Italian) | Sottotenente | Tenente | Capitano | Maggiore | Tenente Colonnello | Colonnello | Generale di Brigata | Generale di Divisione | |
| Corresponding Army rank (British) | Second Lieutenant | Lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant Colonel | Colonel | Brigadier | Major General | |
| Shoulder board insignia |  |
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| Albanian Gendarmerie Subofficers ranks and insignia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian Gendarmerie rank | Nënzyrtar | Shefi Nënzyrtar | Nënzyrtar Klasa e Pare |
| Royal Police Corps rank | Maresciallo di P.S. | Maresciallo Capo di P.S. | Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S. |
| Italian translation | Sottufficiale | Sottufficiale Capo | Sottufficiale di Prima Classe |
| English translation | Subofficer | Chief Subofficer | Subofficer First Class |
| Corresponding Army rank (Italian) | Maresciallo | Maresciallo Capo | Maresciallo Maggiore |
| Corresponding Army rank (British) | Warrant Officer Class Two | Warrant Officer Second Class | Warrant Officer First Class |
| Shoulder board insignia |  |
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| Public Security military Enlisted ranks and insignia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian Gendarmerie rank | Xhandar | Xhandar Klasa e Parë | Tetar | Shefi Tetar | Rreshster | Kapter i Parë |
| Royal Police Corps rank | Agente | Agente Scelto | Appuntato | Appuntato Capo | Vicebrigadiere | Brigadiere |
| English translation | Gendarme | Gendarme First Class | Corporal | Chief Corporal | Sergeant | Sergeant Major |
| Italian translation | Gendarme | Gendarme di Prima Classe | Caporale | Caporale Capo | Sergente | Sergente Maggiore |
| Corresponding Army rank (Italian) | Soldato | Caporale | Caporale maggiore | Caporale Capo | Sergente | Sergente Maggiore |
| Corresponding Army rank (British) | Private | Lance Corporal | Corporal | Sergeant | Staff Sergeant | Staff Sergeant (senior echelon) |
| Shoulder board insignia |  |
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