Law enforcement in the Italian Empire

The flag of the Italian Empire

Law enforcement in the Realms of the Italian Empire is carried out in order to ensure order and security in the Italian Empire; the whole of organs, bodies and agencies involved is used by the political authorities in order to achieve imperial goals of the Fascist State.
On general basis, all of bodies, organs and agencies have the goal to ensure the defence of the institutions and of the territory, to safeguard the physical and moral security, safety and health of populations of the Empire. The police bodies, in relation to this function, protect the integrity of the borders, ensure compliance with laws, regulations, orders of the authorities, maintain respect of religions and customs, protect labour and properties, maintain the security and safety of individuals, provide aid in the public and private accidents directing the work and the means, disengage all other particular tasks entrusted to them by relevant government authorities.
The law enforcement activity is usually carried out according organizational patterns quite different from the Italian model, although still retaining some similarities. The main difference consists of the fact that - with the Montenegrin exception - all police forces are Gendarmerie corps, without the civilian officials and with a reduced role for civilian governors. This is due to a variety of reasons: in Libya the public order conditions are so fragile and poor that the civilian management is unnecessary and generally unfit for a ready response which goes beyond the District boundaries, while in Ethiopia and Somalia the desert or uninhabited areas make unfit a civilian and city-based organization; in Eritrea the size of the operational area can be easily controlled from the central authority; finally, in Albania there is a well rooted Gendarmerie tradition and it is a recurring joke to say that Carabinieri managed to survive in a land that is almost Italy.
On the other hand, all government in the Empire have a Ministry of Interior and a Directorate-General of Public (Montenegro, Albania and Ethiopia) National (Libya) General (Somalia) Security (specific names could vary) organized like the Italian Directorate General; these "Autonomous" Directorates General are co-ordinated from Rome, although they do retain significant autonomy about local and non-political matters.

History

The law enforcement in Italian colonies dates back to the Italian occupation of Eritrea at the end of the 19th Century. After a period characterized by the presence of several agencies (Carabinieri and their Zaptié, M.V.S.N., public security bodies), a centralized and unified organization was implemented, drawing inspiration from an operational plan of then-Major Sabatino Galli.
The current organization of law enforcement in the Italian Empire dates back to early 1960s, when the former Colonies were redesignated as "Special Government Regions", in order to disenfranchise them from the Italian direct rule. On one hand, the Italian Africa Police (Italian: Polizia dell'Africa Italiana) was deemed to be too much centralized and in contrast with the self-rule principle to be established; on the other hand, the Albanian Gendarmerie was already organized and well functioning.
In 1964 a Inspectorate General was established in order to pursue the formation of Realm-centred police services, which extensively draw from already existing units; this General Inspectorate was led by the then-Ministry of Colonies, and the Italian Public Security had almost no stake in it. In 1973 the Ministry of Colonies established the Division for Police Affairs and Cooperation, while a Commission for Common Security Interests was set up by Head of Government Amintore Fanfani in order to enable the Italian Police to participate. In 1986 the Ministry of Colonies was replaced by the Ministry of Imperial Affairs with the task of supporting the Italian Fascist imperial policy and of acting as the Empire executive arm for common affairs and the day-to-day running of the Empire; with the transformation, the Division for Police Affairs was merged with the Commission for Common Security Interests, forming the modern-day Directorate-General for Public Security.

Operational Police Unit

The majority of police officers serving in the Italian Empire-level police operations are deployed as part of an Operational Police Unit (Unità Operativa di Polizia, U.O.P.). An U.O.P. consists of approximately 140 police or gendarmes, trained and equipped to act as a cohesive unit capable of accomplishing policing tasks that individual policemen could not address. Well-trained U.O.P.s can operate in “high-risk” environments.
Operational Police Units have three core duties: public order management, personnel and facilities protection and support to such police operations that require a concerted response but do not respond to military threats.
An Operational Police Unit is a company-sized element which meets the standards of a Level 3 to Level 2 military capability, i.e. an element which could provide extra manpower in efforts planned, led, supplied, and sustained by Italians or by level-1 units for military purposes or even can fight against insurgents as long as the metropolitan Army and/or G.N.R. provide operational assistance. To be eligible to be deployed, Operational Police Units have to undergo pre-deployment training which meets the requirements envisaged and successfully pass the assessment of operational capability.

Individual requirements

Although the common standards requirement does not include a fixed age limit, it is strongly recommended that an U.O.P. member be under fifty years of age at the time of deployment. All members must be physically and mentally fit taking into consideration that they will have to perform crowd management and other physically demanding tasks, and that they will be deployed to a potentially hostile and hazardous environment.
Operational Police Units members must have a minimum of two years of police service prior to the assignment to an Operational Police Unit. The years of police experience may include periods of police service in assignments other than public order or similar assignments but it does not include periods of basic police training.
The U.O.P. Commander and his Officers must have a minimum of five years of police experience. These years of police experience may include periods of police service in assignments other than public order or similar assignments but it does not include periods of basic police training. The U.O.P. Officers must also be familiar to the commands in public order and other tactical situations, to the decision-making process, to the common tactical vocabulary, to stress and fear management; to the use of language assistants. A minimum of 50% of these officers must have proven skills in Italian or in the local language.

Unit requirements

In addition to the individual requirements that the individual members of an U.O.P. must meet, the U.O.P. as an entire unit must meet specific requirements to qualify for service. The unit requirements of operational capacity fall into four categories: organisational standards; police techniques; public order management capacity; capacity to provide protection.
The organisational standards of an Operational Police Unit refer to its composition of personnel and to the weapons and other equipment needed. The composition and organisation of Operational Police Units may vary due to mission-specific requirements. At a minimum, an U.O.P. has a total strength of approximately 150 members and consists of an operational component, a command element and a logistics element. The Operational Police Unit must have been formed no less than six months prior to deployment.

• Operational component: The operational component comprises a minimum capacity of 120 police officers and consists of three to four platoons. Specialised capacities do not count towards the minimum capacity of 120. The sub-units are made up of Squads, consisting of a minimum of ten operational members per Squad. The Squads make up the smallest deployable units and cannot be broken down further.
• Command element: The command element of an U.O.P. includes the Unit's Officers and sufficient capacity in information analysis, logistics, operations, communications and personnel.
• Logistics element: The logistics element may vary in size but must have sufficient capacity in terms of trained craftsmen and personnel to provide all required services.

The U.O.P. must be able to carry out police interventions at least at Platoon level, as well as be able to perform public order management techniques and personnel and facility protection (in collaboration with the military).

Directorate-General for Public Security

The Directorate-General for Public Security (Italian: Direzione Generale per la Pubblica Sicurezza; Maltese: Direttorat Ġenerali għas-Sigurtà Pubblika; Corsican: Capu Diriggenti Generale di a Securità Public; Albanian: Drejtoria e Përgjithshme për Siguri Publike; Montenegrin: Generalna Direkcija za Javnu Sigurnost; Arabic: المديرية العامة للأمن العام al-mudiriat al-eammat lil'amn al-eamm; Ahmaric: የሕዝብ ደህንነት ለ ዳይሬክቶሬት ጄኔራል yeḥizibi dehinineti le dayirēkitorēti jēnērali) is a Directorate-General within the Ministry for Imperial Affairs, in charge for managing that aim at ensuring a stable, lawful and secure environment.
In the Italian Empire, the Directorate-General is aimed to coordinate fight to terrorism and organised crime, to oversee police cooperation and to prepare to swiftly respond to emerging crises; the Directorate-General thus provides direct law enforcement activities at only the Empire level. At the Imperial level, the Directorate-General of Public Security acts as both police and as law enforcement agency, i.e. authorized to enforce various laws at the Imperial level, but it is limited to directly investigating only matters that are explicitly under the responsibility of the federal government.
If a non-Imperial crime is committed in a State of the Italian Empire, and the fugitive does not flee the State, the Directorate-General of Public Security of the Italian Empire has no direct responsibility, although it often supports the local police. However, once the fugitive crosses a State border, he or she violates the law of interstate flight and is subject to direct chase of the Directorate-General of Public Security of the Italian Empire. The Empire-level Directorate-General relies on the M.V.S.N. and the G.N.R. and their "colonial" branches in order to have a centrally-managed armed force in support to internal security of the Italian Empire and of the individual States, in addition to mobile units of the individual Gendarmeries.
Outside the crimes against the Empire, the Directorate has no executive powers per se, and its officials are not entitled to conduct investigations in the Imperial states or to directly arrest suspects, except in substitution (when the State is unable or unwilling) or with a specific authorization. The Directorate, in providing support through information exchange, intelligence analysis, expertise, and training, can contribute to the executive measures carried out by the relevant national authorities.
Three different levels of co-operation are in force:

• Training and technical co-operation;
• Strategic co-operation aimed at exchanging general trends in organised crime and how to fight it and the exchange of threat assessments;
• Exchange of personal data and requires the fulfilment of Europol's standards in the field of data protection and security

Organization

The Director-General of the Directorate is always the same official who is the Director-General of the Public Security of the Italian Interior Ministry; he is assisted by an Higher Council (formed by the chiefs of police of the individual Realms) and by a Deputy Director (usually the chief of police of an Realm, chosen on rotationary basis). Officials leading divisions and sections are senior officers and officials of the various police forces and interior ministries. The Directorate-General is subdivided into four Divisions: General Affairs, Security, Migration and Imperial Borders. Each Division is in turn divided into Sections.

• Division I - Strategy and General Affairs; the Division is in charge for all general coordination tasks. It is subdivided into six Divisions:
  • Inter-institutional Relations;
  • Intra-agency Relations;
  • Legal Affairs;
  • International Coordination;
  • Innovation;
  • Research Centre;
• Division II - Security and Political Police; the division is in charge of all political police duties common to two or more States of the Italian Empire. It is an analysis organ and it subdivided into eight Offices:
  • Police Cooperation and information exchange;
  • Terrorism and radicalisation;
  • Organised crime and Drugs Policy;
  • Money laundering;
  • Cybercrime;
  • Public order and preventive surveillance
  • Political police records;
  • Communication and transport routes police;
• Division III - Imperial Borders and Internal and Authorized Migration;
  • Document security;
  • Borders and Security;
  • Internal travels;
  • Expulsion Policy;
  • Common Border Management.

Division III - Imperial Borders and Internal and Authorized Migration

Division III - Imperial Borders and Internal and Authorized Migration is a subvision of the Directorate-General of Public Secuirty of the Italian Empire headquartered in Rome, Italy, tasked with border control of the Italian Empire, handling and directing all bodies tasked with border security and coast guards duties of the States constituting the Italian Empire. The Division is also responsible for directing border control efforts. The Division, while not providing ordinary field activities, may require action by member states and may use its own resources; furthermore, the activity of coast guards or of border security forces is carried out on a mandate of the Directorate-General (a matter actually handled by Division III). The Division therefore brings together the strategic guidance, with day-to-day management of external border regions remaining the responsibility of member states.
When deficiencies in the functioning of the border management system of a member state are identified, the Division may require that States to take timely corrective action. In urgent situations that put the Italian Empire at risk or when deficiencies have not been remedied, the Division steps in to ensure that action is taken on the ground. States of the Italian Empire may request joint operations, rapid border interventions, and deployment of Imperial States teams to support their own authorities when confronted by an extraordinary immigration influx. In such a case, the Director-General of Public Security of the Italian Empire has the authority to order the Division-directed resources to intervene and deploy under its command operational border forces to ensure that action is taken on the ground.

Inspectorates-General

There are three Inspectorates-General of Public Security in the Italian Empire: Balkans (Dodecanese, Montenegro and Albania); Libya and Malta; Italian East Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea). These Inspectorates-General are bodies tasked with ensuring actual cooperation between bordering Realms and are staffed by Italian and local personnel.
The Inspectorates-General coordinate and oversee the performance of all the organs and services of the Body and the activities of its staff; study and propose to the Heads of State provisions for harmonizing the actions of the police and their deployment and use. The Inspectors-General receive directives from the Minister of Imperial Affairs and the Director General of Public Security.

Albanian Gendarmerie

The War Flag of the Albanian Gendarmerie.

The Albanian Gendarmerie (Albanian: Xhandarmëria Shqiptare; Italian: Gendarmeria Albanese) is the Gendarmerie force of the Kingdom of Albania. Being an Albanian militarized police force, it has several entities which has to respond to: for police and security duties the Gendarmerie depends on the Albanian Ministry of Interior; for co-ordination purposes, it depends on the Directorate General of Public Security in Rome; finally, for military purposes it reports to the Army Higher Command Balkans head-quartered in Tirana. It is to be noted that the Albanian Gendarmerie is mainly a preventive force of public security, but it has also detective/repressive duties as a judicial police corps.
The Gendarmerie traces its origins back to 1915, when the Gendarmerie School was established by the Carabinieri. The Mission drafted, adapted from the Italian regulations, Regulations and General Staff as well as borrowed from the Italian model were the type of recruitment (voluntary and selective) and weaponry. During the late 1920s, the Royal Albanian Gendarmerie was re-organized and staffed by British officers as part of the Royal Albanian Army. In 1939, when Albania was annexed to Italy, it was merged with the Carabinieri, constituting the "Carabinieri Higher Command for Albania" (It.: "Comando Superiore Carabinieri per l'Albania"); after the proclamation of the Republic, the Higher Command was transformed in an autonomous Gendarmerie force. The first Commandant General of Albanian descent was Brigadier General Gajur Deralla, who held office from 1957 to 1960. The current Commandant General is Major General Gjon Ulbasoni, who took office in 2012.
The Gendarmerie has a General Command, held by a Major General, a General Staff, a Schools Command, 2 Legions (Gjirokastër and Tirana), 12 battalions (1 per Province), with 48 companies (1 per sub-prefecture) and 102 Territorial Stations. The Gendarmerie has 236 officers, 1,440 subofficers and 8,434 corporals and gendarmes. The Gendarmerie also has a Central Operational Unit (Al: Njësia Operative Qendrore; It: Unità Operativa Centrale) which handles most serious crimes, while for public order duties the Gendarmerie is often supported by the Fascist Militia. The Gendarmerie Schools Command is organized according to military patterns; the Gendarmerie Academy in Valona deals with officer training, while the two Cadet Gendarmes Schools, in Gjirokastër and Tirana, deal with troops training. The Subofficers training is carried out by the Gendarmerie Academy in Valona, which operates the Subofficers School. As for the Italian P.S. organization, Schools and Academy are strategically placed across the Country in order to provide and additional manpower reserve, in case of rebellions or uprisings.

Ranks and insignia

The Albanian Military Star.

The Albanian Gendarmerie is led by a Major General, and therefore there is no Lieutenant General; when the Italian Lieutenant General conducts his inspections and visits, he wears his Italian uniform. From a graphic point of view, the officer insignia pattern is closely modelled on the Italian one, with the Generals' insignia coming from a reform proposal for all the Generals' insignia, also in Italian Corps. All officer rank insignia feature the Star as basic component. Subofficers are the Albanian translation of Italian Marshals, and they are military subofficers like the Italian counterpart: their insignia have the horizontal stripes of the non-Italian subofficers. Finally, enlisted ranks do not have sleeve insignia but shoulder boards depicting their rank; the Albanian Gendarmerie is the only Corps which has such a rank system. Enlisted ranks are six, just as the Italian CPR.
As a whole, the Albanian Gendarmerie is a State military corps, like the Royal Police Corps, and is part of the Italian military system, although its State is the Kingdom of Albania, and not the Kingdom of Italy. In order to display this different affiliation, the Albanian Gendarmerie has an its own version of the Military Star. The Albanian Military Star actually is an Italian Military Star surmounted by an Helm of Skanderberg, the Albanian most important national hero. This symbol has been inherited by the Italian Kingdom of Albania, and it is considered by Albanian nationalists a proud distinction.

Albanian Gendarmerie military officers ranks and insignia
Albanian Gendarmerie rank	Nëntoger	Toger	Kapiten	Major	Nënkolonel	Kolonel	Gjeneralbrigad	Gjeneralmajor
English translation	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier General	Major General
Royal Police Corps rank (also Italian translation)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Brigadier Generale	Maggior Generale
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Generale di Brigata	Generale di Divisione
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier	Major General
Shoulder board insignia

Albanian Gendarmerie Subofficers ranks and insignia
Albanian Gendarmerie rank	Nënzyrtar	Shefi Nënzyrtar	Nënzyrtar Klasa e Pare
Royal Police Corps rank	Maresciallo di P.S.	Maresciallo Capo di P.S.	Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S.
Italian translation	Sottufficiale	Sottufficiale Capo	Sottufficiale di Prima Classe
English translation	Subofficer	Chief Subofficer	Subofficer First Class
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Maresciallo	Maresciallo Capo	Maresciallo Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Warrant Officer Class Two	Warrant Officer Second Class	Warrant Officer First Class
Shoulder board insignia

Public Security military Enlisted ranks and insignia
Albanian Gendarmerie rank	Xhandar	Xhandar Klasa e Parë	Tetar	Shefi Tetar	Rreshster	Kapter i Parë
Royal Police Corps rank	Agente	Agente Scelto	Appuntato	Appuntato Capo	Vicebrigadiere	Brigadiere
English translation	Gendarme	Gendarme First Class	Corporal	Chief Corporal	Sergeant	Sergeant Major
Italian translation	Gendarme	Gendarme di Prima Classe	Caporale	Caporale Capo	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Soldato	Caporale	Caporale maggiore	Caporale Capo	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Private	Lance Corporal	Corporal	Sergeant	Staff Sergeant	Staff Sergeant (senior echelon)
Shoulder board insignia

Montenegrin Police

The Corps Flag of the Montenegrin Police.

Law enforcement in Montenegro is primarily the responsibility of the Police Administration (Uprava Policije). This is a civilian law enforcement agency (the official status a civilian police force, with special statute, militarily organized) which constitutes the Directorate-General of Public Security (Generalni Direktorat za Javnu Bezbednost),in turn part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs. The police force, with 5,684 police officers, is legally controlled by the country's Law on Police, which make the police report also to the Italian Directorate-General of Public Security through the Directorate-General for Public Security of the Ministry of Imperial Affairs. The Police Administration consists of 6 departments and 4 other operational units, and the office of the Director-General of Public Security (Generalni Direktor za Javnu Bezbednost), who is the overall chief of the Police Administration.
The Departments within the Directorate are the General Authority Police Department, the Criminal Police Department, the Border Police Department, the Persons and Objects Protection Department, the Telecommunication and Electronics Department and the Planning, Development and Analysis Department. Operational units are: Forensic Operational Unit, Special Anti-Terrorist Unit, Special Police Unit, Operational Communications Centre.
For direct execution of law enforcement tasks on the territory of Montenegro, 8 Regional Police Units (Područne Jedinice Policije) exist, each with one or more Police Delegation (Delegacija Policije), as needed:

• Podgorica, Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Danilovgrad, Cetinje and Kolašin)
• Nikšić Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Plužine and Šavnik)
• Bar Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Ulcinj)
• Herceg Novi Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Kotor and Tivat)
• Berane Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Rožaje, Plav and Andrijevica)
• Bijelo Polje Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Mojkovac)
• Pljevlja Regional Police Unit (with Police Delegation in Žabljak)
• Budva Regional Police Unit

The Police Academy is located in Danilovgrad, and provides both basic police education, and professional and specialized training, as well as additional manpower as needed.

Rank insignia

The Montenegrin Police is led by a Brigadier General, and therefore there is no Lieutenant General; when the Italian Lieutenant General conducts his inspections and visits, he wears his Italian uniform. From a graphic point of view, the officer insignia pattern is closely modelled on the Yugoslav trend, with the five-point star instead of the eight-point star, with the stars numbers adapted to the Italian usage. All officer rank insignia feature the Star as basic component.

Montenegrin Police officials' ranks and insignia
Montenegrin Police rank	Mlađeg Inspektora	Policijski Inspektor	Glavnog Inspektora	Zamjenik Nadzornika	Nadzornik Policije	Glavni Nadzornik	Generalni Direktor za Javnu Bezbednost
English translation	Junior Inspector	Police Inspector	Chief Inspector	Deputy Superintendent	Superintendent of Police	Chief Superintendent	Director-General of Public Security
Royal Police Corps rank	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Brigadier Generale
Civilian Officials rank (Italian)	Vice-Commissario Aggiunto	Vice-Commissario	Commissario	Commissario Capo	Vice Questore di P.S.	Questore di P.S. di II Classe	Direttore Generale della Pubblica Sicurezza Questore di P.S. di I Classe
Italian translation	Ispettore di Seconda Classe	Ispettore di Polizia	Ispettore Capo	Vice Sovrintendente	Sovrintendente di Polizia	Sovrintendente Capo	Direttore Generale della Pubblica Sicurezza
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Generale di Brigata
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier
Shoulder board insignia

Montenegrin Police Subofficers ranks and insignia
Montenegrin Police rank	Maršal, 3 razred	Maršal, 2 razred	Maršal, 1 razred
Royal Police Corps rank	Maresciallo di P.S.	Maresciallo Capo di P.S.	Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S.
Italian translation	Maresciallo di terza classe	Sottufficiale Capo	Sottufficiale di Prima Classe
English translation	Subofficer, 3rd Class	Subofficer, 2nd Class	Subofficer, 1st CLass
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Maresciallo	Maresciallo Capo	Maresciallo Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Warrant Officer Class Two	Warrant Officer Second Class	Warrant Officer First Class
Shoulder board insignia

Public Security military Enlisted ranks and insignia
Montenegrin Police rank	Policajac	Stariji Policajac	Kaplar	Stariji Kaplar	Narednik	Stariji Narednik
Royal Police Corps rank	Agente	Agente Scelto	Appuntato	Appuntato Capo	Vicebrigadiere	Brigadiere
English translation	Police Officer	Police Officer, 1st Class	Corporal	Chief Corporal	Sergeant	Sergeant Major
Italian translation	Agente	Agente Scelto	Caporale	Caporale Capo	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Soldato	Caporale	Caporale maggiore	Caporale Capo	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Private	Lance Corporal	Corporal	Sergeant	Staff Sergeant	Staff Sergeant (senior echelon)
Sleeve insignia	No insignia
Shoulder board insignia

Libyan Gendarmerie

The War Flag of the Libyan Gendarmerie.

The Libyan Royal Gendarmerie (Arabic: الدرك الملكي الليبي; al-Darak al-Malakiu al-‘Lybyia, Italian: Gendarmeria Repubblicana Libica) is the police force of Italian Libya. The public security activity is directed by the Chief of State of the United Kingdom of Libya, who is also the Central Authority of Public Security. In this capacity, the Chief of State exercises similar roles to those exercised by the Minister of Interior. On the other hand, Provincial Governors and Provincial Battalions Commanders, as well as the sanctioned tribal chiefs, are Local Authorities of Public Security. The sanctioned tribal chiefs are Authorities of Public Security only against those subjected to their tribal authority.

Ranks and insignia

The Libyan Gendarmerie is led by a Major General, and therefore there is no Lieutenant General; when the Italian Lieutenant General conducts his inspections and visits, he wears his Italian uniform. From a graphic point of view, the officer insignia pattern is closely modelled on the Arab trend (at least trend used by secularist and socialist republics), with the stars numbers adapted to the Italian usage. All officer rank insignia feature the Star as basic component.
Warrant Officers are the Libyan translation of Italian Marshals, and they are military sub-officers like the Italian counterpart: their insignia have the horizontal stripes of the non-Italian sub-officers. Finally, enlisted ranks have sleeve insignia. Enlisted ranks are six, just as the Italian CPR.
As a whole, the Libyan Gendarmerie is a State military corps, like the Royal Police Corps, and is part of the Italian military system, although its State is the United Kingdom of Libya, and not the Kingdom of Italy strictu sensu.

Libyan Gendarmerie military officers ranks and insignia
Libyan Gendarmerie rank (Official transcription only)	Mulazim	Mulazim Awwal	Naqib	Raid	Muqaddam	Aqid	Amid	Liwa
English translation	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier General	Major General
Royal Police Corps rank (also Italian translation)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Brigadier Generale	Maggior Generale
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Generale di Brigata	Generale di Divisione
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier	Major General
Shoulder board insignia

Libyan Gendarmerie Warrant Officers ranks and insignia
Libyan Gendarmerie rank (Official transcription only)	Mussaid	Mussaid Thani	Mussaid Awwal
Royal Police Corps rank	Maresciallo di P.S.	Maresciallo Capo di P.S.	Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S.
Italian translation	Sottufficiale	Sottufficiale Capo	Sottufficiale Maggiore
English translation	Warrant Officer	Chief Warrant Officer	Warrant Officer Major
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Maresciallo	Maresciallo Capo	Maresciallo Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Warrant Officer Class Two	Warrant Officer Second Class	Warrant Officer First Class
Shoulder board insignia

Libyan Gendarmerie Enlisted ranks and insignia
Libyan Gendarmerie rank (Official transcription only)	Jundi	Jundi Awwal	Areef	Raqib	Raqib Thani	Raqib Awwal
Royal Police Corps rank	Agente	Agente Scelto	Appuntato	Appuntato Capo	Vicebrigadiere	Brigadiere
English translation	Soldier	Soldier First Class	Corporal	Chief Corporal	Sergeant	Sergeant Major
Italian translation	Soldato	Soldato di Prima Classe	Caporale	Sergente	Sergente Capo	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Soldato	Caporale	Caporale maggiore	Caporale Capo	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Private	Lance Corporal	Corporal	Sergeant	Staff Sergeant	Staff Sergeant (senior echelon)
Sleeve insignia	No insignia
Shoulder board insignia

Ethiopian Gendarmerie

The Ethiopian security is a complex matter due to the social, ethnic and religious complexity of the population of the Ethiopian Empire. The Ministry of Interior is in charge of handling security and policing affairs through the Directorate General of Public Security and through the Ethiopian Gendarmerie Corps (Ahmaric: ሐበሻ ፖሊስ, Häbäsha Polis, literally meaning "Ethiopian Police"; Italian: Corpo della Gendarmeria Etiope). Each of the 8 ethnically-based Provinces and the three Autonomous Cities consists of a Provincial Directorate for the Public Security and of a Provincial Gendarmerie Command (headed by a Major General). Provincial Gendarmerie Commanders in each of the 11 provinces work in conjunction with the Provincial Governors, but for the prevailing part Addis Ababa directs administration. The civilian Directorates of Public Security (both central and provincial) deal with administrative-political aspects of the police activities in support of the Ethiopian Government and of the Provincial Governors, while Gendarmerie commanders are the technical-operative authorities.
Both Interior officials and Gendarmes are part of all-Ethiopia services and, although enlisted Gendarmes after their conscription can be expected to serve in their native Province, this can never be assumed for granted, as both rewarding and punitive transfers are often ordered; officers cannot expect any fixed assignment. The all-Ethiopian nature is emphasized by the aggressive meritocracy in upper levels.
The Ethiopian Police University College is a public institution of higher education in Ethiopia dedicated to training Gendarmes officers and to offering higher eductation to other personnel. Its main campus is located in Sendafa, a town 38 kilometres north of Addis Ababa, while other facilities are placed in Dire Dawa.
The 160,000-strong Gendarmerie was established in 1971, by amalgamating the former Carabinieri forces deployed in Ethiopia, Askari units and bands, and the security services of the major cities. Since its establishment, the Gendarmerie has been sometimes an unreliable organization (especially in the first years, when the last loyalist Abyssinians were still serving) but it had never been an overtly rebellious corps. In the 1976 Soviet-backed revolt and coup attempt, the combat forces of the Gendarmerie actively supported the then-National Republican Guard in crushing down rebel nests in Addis Ababa and in Dire Dawa. Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay is the current Commandant, the fourth of Ethiopian descent, while Italian Ethiopian officers are still a significant part of the officers corps.

Organization

The Ethiopian Gendarmerie Corps is organised on a territorial basis for law-enforcement missions. The territorial organization represents the core of the institution; it contains 80 percent of the force and is organized hierarchically in 11 Provincial Commands headed by Major Generals, 77 Zonal and 770 Woreda commands, headed by Colonels and Captains/Majors respectively. Outside the territorial organization, there are three special Divisions: the Mobile Division (mass maneuver and territorial support, based in Harare), the Specialist Units Division (specialist investigative skills, based in Bahir Dar) and the Central Investigative Division (organized crime and subversive activities, based in Awasa).
At its top, the Gendarmerie is headed by the Higher Command, consisting of the Commandant General (a Lieutenant General) and the Chief of Staff, all located in Addis Ababa. The Chief of Staff directs, coordinates and supervises all activities of the force. The Higher Command directly supervises the Directors of Administration, Health, Training, Engineering, the motor pool and the Veterinary Commission. On the Deputy Chiefs of Staff depend the Centre for Recruitment and Selection. Training Schools are established through the country, in order to provide an additional manpower reserve if strictly needed.

Ranks and insignia

The Ethiopian Gendarmerie is led by a Lieutenant General; when the Italian Lieutenant General conducts his inspections and visits, he wears his Italian uniform. From a graphic point of view, the officer insignia pattern are loosely inspired to the Italian trend, with the Italian Towered Crown replaced by an Ethiopian Imperial Crown. All officer rank insignia feature the triangular insignia as basic component.
As a whole, the Ethiopian Gendarmerie is a State military corps, like the Royal Police Corps, and is part of the Italian military system, although its State is Ethiopia, and not the Kingdom of Italy strictu sensu.

Ethiopian Gendarmerie military officers ranks and insignia
Ethiopian Gendarmerie rank (Official transcription only)	Bemeto Betach	Meto Aleqa	Aleqa	Shaleqa	Leftenant-Kol	Kolonel	Brigedar Janaral	Mejor Janaral	Leftenant Janaral
English translation	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier General	Major General	Lieutenant General
Royal Police Corps rank (also Italian translation)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Brigadier Generale	Maggior Generale	Tenente Generale
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Generale di Brigata	Generale di Divisione	Generale di Corpo d'Armata
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier	Major General	Lieutenant General
Shoulder board insignia

Ethiopian Gendarmerie Warrant Officers ranks and insignia
Ethiopian Gendarmerie rank (Official transcription only)	Mekonnu Tiezaz 1	Mekonnu Tiezaz 2	Mekonnu Tiezaz 3
Royal Police Corps rank	Maresciallo di P.S.	Maresciallo Capo di P.S.	Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S.
Italian translation	Sottufficiale	Sottufficiale Capo	Sottufficiale Maggiore
English translation	Warrant Officer	Chief Warrant Officer	Warrant Officer Major
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Maresciallo	Maresciallo Capo	Maresciallo Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Warrant Officer Class Two	Warrant Officer Second Class	Warrant Officer First Class
Shoulder board insignia

Ethiopian Gendarmerie Enlisted ranks and insignia
Ethiopian Gendarmerie rank (Official transcription only)	Polis	Bemejemeriyaw Polis	Alemawi	Bemejemeriyaw Alemawi	Yehmsa Aleqa	Yehmsa Aleqa Uana
Royal Police Corps rank	Agente	Agente Scelto	Appuntato	Appuntato Capo	Vicebrigadiere	Brigadiere
English translation	Policeman	Policeman First Class	Corporal	First Corporal	Sergeant	Sergeant Major
Italian translation	Poliziotto	Poliziotto di Prima Classe	Caporale	Primo Caporale	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Soldato	Caporale	Caporale maggiore	Caporale Capo	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Private	Lance Corporal	Corporal	Sergeant	Staff Sergeant	Staff Sergeant (senior echelon)
Sleeve insignia	No insignia
Shoulder board insignia

Somali Gendarmerie

The Gendarmerie of Somalia (Somali: Gandarmaariiga ee Soomaaliya; Arabic: الدرك من الصومال, al Ddarak min al Ssumal; Italian: Gendarmeria della Somalia) is the national gendarmerie force and the law enforcement agency of the Autonomous Social Republic of Somalia. As with most other police forces in the world, its duties include crime fighting (including the enforcement of the Xeer), traffic control, maintaining public security, and counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Interior, Directorate-General of Public Security. The Gendarmerie serves as one of the principal organs of the Somali Government. While organised at a national level, each arm reports to a Regional police authority, which in turn divides its force by local Police Divisions, headquartered at local police stations. In an emergency, the Gendarmerie can be reached by dialing 888 from any telephone in Somalia.
The Gendarmerie of Somalia was established on 1 December 1960, following the dissolution of the Italian African Police; the newly established Gendarmerie corps inherited about 1,200 Somali policemen and 800 Italian policemen. Shortly afterwards, the Gendarmerie absorbed the Higher Command Carabinieri. After a transitional phase, Schools and other facilities were established by 1972. The first commander was former P.A.I. Colonel Graziano Funari, and all officers were Italian or Italian Somali. Starting from the mid-1970s, the corps pursued a moderate "somalization" policy in order to enable indigenous officers to take the command and the management, also because the ongoing debate in Italy wether the former colonies had to be disbanded or not. The first Somali commander was Colonel Jaamac Qoorsheel, who held command from 1976 to 1979. Nevertheless, Italian Somali presence remained significant through the years.
The organization of the Gendarmerie follows both the demographics of Somalia and the administrative divisions. Broadly speaking, the Gendarmerie has a Territorial Organization, a Mobile Organization (for riot control and armed services) and a Training Organization; some specialist units are directly attached to the General Command. The organization is closely modelled on the Carabinieri structure, with further adaptations in order to deal with scarce population density and arising security needs.

Ranks and Inisgnia

The Somali Gendarmerie is led by a Brigadier General; when the Italian Lieutenant General conducts his inspections and visits, he wears his Italian uniform. From a graphic point of view, the officer insignia pattern are loosely inspired to the Italian trend, with the Italian Towered Crown replaced by the Somalian seal. All officer rank insignia feature the Star insignia as basic component. As a whole, the Somali Gendarmerie is a State military corps, like the Royal Police Corps, and is part of the Italian military system, although its State is Somalia, and not the Kingdom of Italy strictu sensu.

Somali Gendarmerie military officers ranks and insignia
Somali Gendarmerie rank	Sarreeye Labaad	Sarreeye	Dhame	Gaashaanle	Gaashanke Dhexe	Kornayl	Jeeneraal
Italian translation	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Generale
English translation	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier General
Royal Police Corps rank	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Brigadier Generale
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Sottotenente	Tenente	Capitano	Maggiore	Tenente Colonnello	Colonnello	Generale di Brigata
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Second Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier
Shoulder board insignia

Somali Gendarmerie Subofficers ranks and insignia
Somali Gendarmerie rank	Kormeere	Madaxa Kormeere	Kormeeraha Sare
Royal Police Corps rank	Maresciallo di P.S.	Maresciallo Capo di P.S.	Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S.
Italian translation	Ispettore	Ispettore Capo	Ispettore Superiore
English translation	Inspector	Chief Inspector	Senior Inspector
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Maresciallo	Maresciallo Capo	Maresciallo Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Warrant Officer Class Two	Warrant Officer Second Class	Warrant Officer First Class
Shoulder board insignia

Somali Gendarmerie Enlisted ranks and insignia
Somali Gendarmerie rank	Boolis	Laba-Alifle	Saajin	Saajin Waaweyn
Royal Police Corps rank	Agente	Appuntato	Vicebrigadiere	Brigadiere
English translation	Constable	Corporal	Sergeant	Sergeant Major
Italian translation	Soldato	Caporale	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (Italian)	Soldato	Caporale maggiore	Sergente	Sergente Maggiore
Corresponding Army rank (British)	Private	Corporal	Sergeant	Staff Sergeant
Sleeve insignia	No insignia
Shoulder board insignia

See also

• Law enforcement in the Kingdom of Italy
• Italian Empire (Kingdom of Italy)