Difference between revisions of "Law enforcement in the Kingdom of Italy"

The '''state security and law enforcement''' in [[Italy (Social Republic)|Italy]] have a particular status due to the need to relate with Autonomous Republics of the Italian Empire and have a deep compenetration with PNF organization. This compenetration is ensured through both mandatory Party membership and overall Party dominance over security party and state bodies.<br />

The main and overall agency is the Ministry of the Interior. Below and functionally subordinated to the Ministry there are the two main security bodies: the Directorate General of Public Security, which controls the Republican Police Corps, and the Central Security Office of the Voluntary Militia for National Security, which relies mainly on O.V.R.A..<br />

The Central Security Office is a National Fascist Party body and is tasked with political security enforcement. The main instrument the CSO operates through is OVRA, tasked with the protection of the Regime and the carrying out of independent intelligence service. OVRA and military intelligence are the two main espionage organizations and they are old concurrents. As part of the internal security system, OVRA has the purpose of fighting anti-regime crimes: it operates against underground politicians, political criminals, dissidents, anti-fascists organizations and terrorists, and protects the Duce and most important Italian political elite members.<br />

The Directorate General of Public Security operates the Republican Police Corps (It: "''Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana''", C.P.R.), which is the militarized police force of the Italian law enforcement system. Both the Directorate General and the Corps have several branches, although they are grouped in two main divisions, i.e. the Division of Criminal Police, which fights against serious organized crime and has a strong analytic, criminologist and intellectual base, and which controls also the Central Investigations Service, which in turn fights against the most dangerous and harmful criminal cases, and the "usual police", whose purpose is to protect the society from unserious crimes. Furthermore, the Public Security has limited intelligence capabilities, but it serves as partial counterbalance to the Party security apparatus. Politcally, police serve to deter opposition to PNF directives, and contain it should it appear: the political police are the core of the system. However, police persecute only those who overtly expressed dissatisfaction or disagreement with the regime.<br>

In addition to the Public Security administration, also the MVSN deploys some units and departments tasked with police and public security duties: with the exception of the Labour Militia, these units are under the overall direction of relevant Public Security bodies, although they constitute a more politically oriented policing. However, since all members of Public Security must be enroled in the PNF, there is little or no competition.

The protection of public order goes beyond repressive activity to extend the scope to estimate, determination as to encompass all able to prevent the occurrence of conflicts and their degenerate into episodes of disturbance. Protecting the public order is primarily about preventing the causes that may break it.<br>

Protection of public order is essentially the prevention of acts of collective violence and arbitrariness, but also the guarantee of social order, the harmonious development of labour relations, the quiet course of life Community in all its manifestations in accordance with Fascist principles.<br>

The public security authority, under Italian law, supervises the maintenance of public order and public safety, to their safety and the protection of property.<br />

* The powers of the Local Public Security Authority are exercised by the head of the local Public Security Office or, in the absence of the Office, by the Podestà in his capacity of Officer of the Government. The Head of the Office of Public Security is the the Questor in the provincial capital and the officials in charge of the Commissariats of Public Security in the other municipalities. The Minister of the Interior is responsible for law enforcement and public safety, and the Imperial Authority of Public Security. He has senior management and responsibility of law and order and public security and coordinates the tasks and activities of the police forces. The Minister of the Interior carries out his tasks taking advantage of the Department of Public Security. The direction of the police intervention presupposes a hierarchical formalized in an order that the person should perform; coordination presupposes autonomy of the subject.

Being the Imperial Authority of Public Security, the Minister has the power to adopt measures and ordinances of police for law enforcement and public security. As Imperial Authority of Public Security, the Ministry of the Interior is politically responsible for the adopted policies.<br />

In his capacity of National Authority of Public Security, the Ministr of Interior is the authority who co-ordinates, directs and is responsible for the police activities.

=== Provincial Authoriies of Public Security ===

The Provincial Authoriies of Public Security are responsible for the public security exercised at a provincial level. There are two Provincial Authorities of Public Security: one coincides with the local Prefect, while the other is the local Questor.<br />

The Prefect has overall responsibility for public order and security in the region and oversees the implementation of directives adopted in the field, ensuring unity of direction and coordination of tasks and activities of the officers and agents of public security (but not the police force as a whole). The Prefect has the power to enact urgent ordinances (''Ordinanze contingibili ed urgenti'') which derogate from laws in order to deal with situations that endanger public order and public security. If reinforcements are needed for certain services, the assessment on the request lies with the Prefect, who also can dispose of reinforcements directly, although in practice he will put them at disposal of the Questor.<br />

The local Questor is responsible for the management, accountability and coordination at the operational level of police services. Questors are also responsible for issuing the vast majority of police measures and acts, ranging from authorization to exercise commercial activities (if the legal system requires so) to the preventive measures against suspect people.

The Local Authorities of Public Safety are responsible for the execution of the general tasks of public security. The Local Authority is the executive branch of the other levels and has a municipal jurisdiction: therefore there is an individual Local Authority in every Municipality. Every Local Authority must ensure the maintenance of order, ensuring compliance with applicable laws and regulations, provide assistance, provide for the amicable settlement of disputes, sorting reports of suspicious or dangerous people, invite a person to appear before him, order the destruction or removal of explosives, issue licenses, and if required by the relevant legal system, receive hotel daily notices, receive the denunciation of the sale of properties, grant a license for the construction of temporary energy installations, authorize the use of masks, receive complaints of employer in respect of any accident at work, grant an authorization for use of airfield, receive complaints from discoveries of cultural goods and so on. No rule assigns tasks to the Local Authority in the field of law enforcement or crime prevention. Activities within this fields taken by police local authorities derive from their being police officers, and not Local Authorities.<br />

* Questor, in the capital municipality;

* Police Stations Commanders, in their municipality;

* Podestà, where there is no police.

The Officers and Agents of Public Security are the terminals of the Administration of Public Security and are available to the Authorities of Public Security. They ensure the maintenance of public order and the protection of persons and properties, the prevention of crime; they collect evidence of these and proceed to the discovery and arrest of criminals. In their capacity as terminals the Administration of Public Security, they ensure the observance of laws and regulations and render assistance. The Officers and Agents of Public Security have to produce a written report of what they have done or been able to observe in service accoring to the requirements of their legal systems.<br />

The Public Security Officers consist of all Police Officials and Officers and all Prison Officials. They, up to rank of Vicequestore and Lieutenant Colonel excluded, are also Officers of Judicial Police. Other categories of Officers of Public Security are the Officers of the MVSN and of the GNR.

The Agents of public security have to promptly notify, in writing, the public security officers of every crime and every important event that happens in the places where they serve. In urgent cases, the information may be given verbally, held firm the obligation to report them later in writing. Agents of Public Security ordinarily consist in the Police, Prison, MVSN and GNR Non-Commissioned Officers and enlisted. The status of Agents of Public Security may be conferred, temporarily, to drivers of vehicles used by high personalities.

The Judicial Police did law-enforcement purposes: it is exercised when there has already been a violation of criminal law. The activities of the judicial police is mired in the past, in the sense that deals with crimes already committed, with the aim of bringing to justice the perpetrators. The function of the judicial police is auxiliary to the function of the prosecutor, who is responsible for the prosecution. The Prosecutor has powers of direction in relation to the judicial police; the he, after a preliminary investigation conducted through the judicial police, prosecutes, thus initiating the preliminary phase of the process, conducted by an Examining Judge who collectsn and examinates evidence also through the judicial police.<br />

Officers of Judicial Police include Officials (up to Vicequestore) and top-level NCOs of the Republican Police Corps and the mayor of the municipalities where a police office is not established.<br />

Agents of the judicial police include Enlisted of the Republican Police Corps. There are several exceptions and additions to these categories, but additional people are restricted to a specific area.<br />

The Officers of Judicial Police have the exclusive of certain functions, as delegated by the Judicial Authority: seizure of documents, securities, valuables and correspondence , interceptions and inspections of places, people and things. The Agents of Judicial Police may carry out, among other activities, the identification of the suspect, arrest in flagrante delicto, simply receiving spontaneous statements and the disclosure of crime to the public prosecutor.

Public security measures are administrative acts aimed to prevent threats to the public security, safety, morality and decency. These measures are routinely enacted by the relevant Provincial Authority of Public Security. These measures are: Warning, Admonition, Special Surveillance, Forced Stay, Confinement.<br />

In such cases it is possible proceed to the provisional restriction of freedom before the intervention of the judge. The measures are temporary and must be communicated to the relevant organ that, on pain of the annulment of the measure, must exercise the control function in answer, within tight deadlines, on the lawfulness of the measure. If a prosecutor has ordered the detention or the arrest, it must be approved by a court or a judge; if the judicial police proceeded to the arrest or detention the responsible of approvation is the prosecutor.<br />

* Agree, even immediately, even in the barracks, the conversation between the defense lawyer and the arrested or detained, the prosecutor may differ by reasoned decree the subject's right to meet the defender; such deferment applies until the arrested or the detained is placed at the disposal of the judge;

The Police Warning is a notice issued by the local police commander in which he warns people to change behaviour, warning them that, if not, the preventive measures can be adopted. The following categories of people may be wary of the commander of the police:

The admonition is a preeventive measure for social defence against people dangerous for public security and public morality. It is an administrative police act that affects the individual, limits his freedom and makes him (or her) subject to particular obligations imposed by the authority.<br />

* Suspected of subversive activities;

It applies to persons who are considered hazardous for the security and the public morality and, in particular, to:

* Those who suspected of living with the gains of criminal actions;

* Those who are suspected of exploiting illegal prostitution, or trafficking in women, or corruption of minors, to exercise the contraband, or to sell or facilitate the use of fraudulently;

* Habitual drug dealers;

* Suspected of subversive activities;

* Those who are deemed dangerous to the state order;

The complaints made ​​by the police or by a subject are passed to the Ministry of Interior, which refers to a Commission. The Commission questions the reported and invites him to present justifications. If the Commission approves the proposed confinement, the subject was arrested and subsequently sent in the municipality chosen by the Ministry.

The Forced Stay is an administrative measure, consisting in the obligation to live in a restricted location, established by the authorities, for a certain period of time (even a few years).

The arrest is a measure restricting personal liberty that officers and agents of the judicial police take against those who are caught in flagrante delicto, that is, those who are caught in the act of committing the crime (proper flagrante), or chased after the offence, or surprised with things or tracks from which it appears that he has committed the crime immediately before (improper flagrante).

The arrest in flagrante delicto may be mandatory or optional.<br />

The arrest in flagrante delicto is mandatory:

* For intentional crimes, attempted or actual, punishable by imprisonment for life or imprisonment of not less than the minimum five and maximum of twenty years;

* For a series of intentional crimes, attempted or actual, that despite being punished with lower penalties, but cause widespread public alarm (eg, robbery, extortion, drug dealing, robbery or burglary).

The arrest in flagrante delicto is optional:

* in the presence of intentional criminal acts, attempted or consummated, punishable by a maximum imprisonment of three years,

In any case, the judicial police can exercise the power to make an arrest when the measure is justified by the gravity of the fact or by the dangerousness of the person, taken from his personality or the circumstances of the fact.<br />

If it comes to crimes prosecuted on complaint, the arrest in flagrante delicto is only possible if the complaint is lodged officer or agent of the judicial police present at the scene of the crime. If the plaintiff claims to withdraw the lawsuit, the arrested person must be immediately released.

The arrest also out of the state of flagrante delicto is required in case of:

* Lack of departure within five days following the prefectural decree of expulsion or unauthorized re-entry.

The arrest also out of the state of flagrante delicto is allowed in the case of evasion and breach of rescue. It is forbidden to arrest if the driver stops and provides aid.<br />

When for reasons of security and public safety it is not possible to proceed immediately to the arrest, the one who, on the basis of documentation from which emerges unequivocally the crime, appears author of resistance, violence, threat or injury to a public official, violence, aggravated damages, devastation, looting, is still considered in a state of flagrante delicto as long as the arrest is made ​​within ninety-six hours after the event.

The detention of a suspect of crime also operates out of the case of flagrante delicto when there are grounds to believe founded the danger of escape of the person seriously suspect in

* A crime committed for the purpose of terrorism, including international terrorism, piracy or subversion.

In the classical case, the detention of suspect is an interim measure ordered by the public prosecutor owner of the investigation, but when he has not yet taken over the investigation, the police carry out the detention. The jurisdiction of the judicial police also exists when the prosecutor has already taken over the investigation but for reasons of urgency it is not possible to wait for the decision of the prosecutor.

== Dualism of the police: the National Republican Guard and the Republican Police Corps ==

The dualism between GNR and Police and can be explained as that it duplicates the dualism between Fascism and the Government, not only institutionally, but also substantially.<br />

The GNR refers more to Fascism, because of their being actual and effective part of the Militia, which, political armed force, heads not to the government, but to the Duce.<br />

The Republican Police Corps, for its part, being only formally part of the armed forces, but actually depending on its General Directorate, then on the Ministry of the Interior, is also an institutional military hand of the government.<br />

The contrast between organisms of Fascism and the organs of government acquires precise meanings.<br />

The loyalty of the Guard to Fascism means that the weapon is the active force of the defense of Fascism par excellence. Loyalty to the institutions for the GNR becomes institutionalized loyalty to Fascism, and the loyalty to the state becomes the state loyalty to Fascism, and the fidelity to the law turns into loyalty immutability of the law. Among the National Republican Guards there is first of all the sublime aura of the Idea and its defence. Within cadres, especially higher, the GNR has perfectly mastered the rhetoric that accompanies it in its existence.<br />

Within the Republican Police Corps and generally within Public Security, unlike the GNR, are the men to prevail over the organization. Public Security does not have the myth of itself, has no "prestige" to keep alive, and speaks of prestige reasoning in technical and efficiency terms.<br />

The Republican Police, as part of the armed forces, observes laws and military regulations, like the Republican National Guard. Because of its dependence on a civil Ministry, and of presence at its top of the Corps of Officials, the same rules of conduct that are of within the GNR automatic application, in the Police they become a means of pressure and intimidation.<br />

The Republican National Guard is the body far more technically equipped to act as a mass crash at all times, thanks to the Battalions "M" and the five Divisions of the Legionary Corps, while Public Security is much less well armed, less rigidly centralized, with more appropriate means for dissolution of crowds and riots.<br />

The Republican National Guard is the ideal tool to hold the supreme security of the State and Fascism. The GNR is used much less of Public Security, acting as a reserve for "special occasions".<br />

The Republican National Guard has rhetoric is inherited by the police and by the Militia according to which each Guard is an ardent Fascist, square, maker of victories, the guardian of the Fascist homeland, slave only of duty, Latin proud virtue and bravery.<br />

Neither the Republican Police Corps nor the Public Security have precise rhetoric beyond efficiency.

The Central Security Office (it: "Ufficio Centrale di Sicurezza) is an organization subordinate to the Commandant General of the MVSN. The organization's stated duty is to fight all political enemies of the Fascist Regime. It is to note that the UCS is a functional body of the MVSN and is in charge of direction of particular services of autonomous bodies.<br />

The UCS was created on 8 September 1946 through the merger of the various criminal intelligence agencies with the OVRA.<br />

The organization controls the political security service of the OVRA. Its activities include intelligence-gathering, political-criminal investigation, overseeing foreigners, monitoring public opinion.<br />

The UCS is divided into eight offices:

* OVRA Liasion office - Internal political surveillance

* OVRA Liasion office - External political surveillance

* OVRA Liasion office - Leaders protection

* GNR Liasion office - Internal Troops

* PS Liasion office - Political issues

* Central Antidrugs Directorate

* Special Court for State Security  

 

The internal troops are the main National Republican Guard force and they are functionally subordinated to the Central Security Office. They are used to support and reinforce the Public Security instrument, deal with large-scale crowd control, internal armed conflicts, maximum-security prison guard and safeguarding of highly-important facilities like nuclear power plants. During wartime, the GNR Internal Troops falls under Armed Forces command and fulfill the missions of local defence and rear area security.<br>

Internal Troops belong to the National Republican Guard and consist of the 18 "''M''" Battalions, the "''M''" Marines Regiment "''San Giorgio''" and the special forces units. They are operationally directed by the Director General of the Central Security Office.

=== Central Anti-Mafia Investigative Directorate ===

The Central Anti-Mafia Investigative Directorate (''Direzione Centrale Investigativa Antimafia'', Di.C.I.A.) is an investigative body, established in 1993 within the Central Security Office, with monofunctional competence, consisting of specialized personnel coming from all security and police forces, with the sole task of ensuring the application, in a coordinated manner, of preventive investigations relating to organized crime, as well as the subsidiary task of carrying out criminal investigations relating exclusively to mafia. In particular, the preventive investigations are aimed at defining the structural mafia connotations and connections objectives and operating procedures, both at domestic and international level. The Directorate is the investigative arm of the National Anti-Mafia Directorate, headed by the National Anti-Mafia Prosecutor, who in turn depends on the Prosecutor General at the Court of Cassation.<br>

The Directorate is headed by a Director, selected in rotation among the Inspectors General (Rank V) of Public Security, the General Officers of the Republican Guard of Finance and the General Officers of the M.V.S.N. who have gained specific experience in the field of combating organized crime. For the exercise of its functions, the Director uses two Deputy Directors who are responsible, respectively, for overseeing operational activities and administrative ones. The central support structure is composed of:

The Di.C.I.A. also makes use of a peripheral system, structured on twelve Operational Centres and seven Detached Sections that, through a clearly defined boundary system, have jurisdiction over the entire national territory.

=== Special Court for State Security ===

The Special Court for State Security (it: ''Tribunale Speciale per la Sicurezza dello Stato'') is a special court of the Fascist Regime, competent to judge crimes against the security of the state and the regime, in order to conciliate security needs and respect of the rule of law. The Special Court is responsible for the punishment of a series of offences "against state security" and the reconstruction of dissolved associations, organizations or parties, anti-national propaganda activities abroad, terrorism, theft of public money and possession of explosives, if it is linked to a political reason. In war, the Special Court has other fields of jurisdiction, such as treason, espionage, fraud and breach of military supplies, or political offences such as association or subversive or anti-national propaganda committed by the military.<br>

The state security courts (Courts+Presidency Council) is fully part of the regular court system. The Special Court as a whole has the power to warn, admonish, and convict the political defendants deemed dangerous to public order and security of the Regime: the Special Court operates according to the rules of the Military Penal Code of War.<br>

The defence is only allowed after the indictment and the accused may be assisted by one defender, chosen from among the officers on duty at the court or among lawyers exercising their profession. However, the Sectional President at the request of the prosecutor can exclude the assistance of non-military defence, in cases where it deems it necessary for the public interest. In the proceedings before the Special Court is not allowed bail.<br>

The right to appeal a conviction in state security courts is limited to procedural grounds and with special limitations. Against its judgments, the appeal to the Presidency Council is allowed within thirty days from the publication of the case motivations; against President Council decisions, appeal to Court of Cassation is allowed only under special circumstances.

 

The Court is unique throughout the state, but operates in five sections. Each Section consists of:

* A President, chosen among the general officers of the National Republican Army, National Republican Navy, National Republican Air Force, Republican Police Corps and the Voluntary Militia for National Security, in permanent active duty and with proved competence in legal matters;

* An ''Amicus Curiae'', without voting rights, chosen among the staff of military justice.

The Presidency Council (Consiglio di Presidenza) consists of the Prime President, appointed by the Duce of the Republic, and of all five sectional Presidents.

The direction of the public security services is assigned to the Prefects appointed by the government (both at the top of the Directorate General and locally, in the provincial governments), but responsibility for the execution of the service is entrusted to civilian officials of public security, and finally the executive service is entrusted to a military corps.<br>

The Prefect is the highest authority of Public Security in the provinces and, with regard to the functions of the police, he may adopt the necessary measures for the protection of public order and public security. Prefects have functional superiority, besides being higher in rank, compared to the officials of Public Security.<br />

They, however, unlike Prefects, are policemen to all intents and purposes, whose shoulders the direction of public security services rests on. The Quaestor exercises the technical direction of all police services and public order in the provincial constituency. He belongs to the civilian personnel of Public Security.<br />

In carrying out their activities the Questor and other civilian officials of Public Security are assisted by military personnel of the Republican Police Corps.<br />

The Republican Police Corps is under the Ministry of Interior and is part of the armed forces of the state.

Except for civilian officials, members of the Public Security are subject to the military law of peace and war, and, in the case of violations, are judged by military courts.<br />

Each of the three components (Prefects, Officials, Military) follows its own rules of reference with regard to disciplinary measures, professional training, remuneration and career prospects. The civilian components (especially the Prefect Corps) are favoured, while the military component, except for the officers, is the most disadvantaged.

In Italy, the Ministry of the Interior provides for the protection of public security. Under the direct dependence of the Ministry is the Directorate-General of Public Security, central governing body comprising all police services, both preventive and repressive; Civil Administration of the Interior officials and Public Security officials are assigned to the Directorate General.<br />

The Directorate General of Public Security deals with non-political crime, public order and general police duties. In particular, offices of the Directorate-General oversee services related to the maintenance of public order and public safety, prevention and repression of crime, for the protection of public security, the protection of public morality and decency, supervision the border and the transport police.

=== Officials of Public Security ===

In Italy the police are made up of both civilian and military personnel. Civilian personnel consists of public security officials and agents, depending on the Ministry of the Interior.<br />

* A Group personnel, public safety officials;

* C Group personnel, employees of police and order employees.

Ranks in the career of public security officers are as follows in descending order: Chief Inspector General, Inspector General, Quaestor (1st and 2nd class), Deputy Quaestor, Chief Commissioner, Commissioner, Additional Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Additional Deputy Commissioner. Public security officers, below to Deputy Quaestor, are also police officers.<br />

The staff of the C-Group is divided into:

* Employees of Police, which assist the public security officials in dealing with the affairs of administrative police;

* Order employees, who are engaged in keeping of archives, records, as well as copy jobs.

== Central organization of P.S. ==

The Directorate General of P.S. is headed by the Chief of Police - Director General of P.S. and it is organized into a Secretariat, three Inspectorates General and 15 Divisions:

* General Inspectorate for Public Security at the Duce of the Republic

* General Inspectorate of Public Security at the Vatican

* General Inspectorate for Public Security at the Ministry of the Interior

* Special Secretariat of Public Security

* Division I - General and Legislative Affairs, Legislation and documentation - the Division is also involved with public order management and internal intelligence co-ordination policy and it divided into three Offices:

** General Affairs Office

** Subversive Movement and Public Order Office (liasion with the Central Security Office)

* Division III - Personnel of Public Security - the Division administers the public security civilian personnel (officers, employees, ushers);

* Division IV - Police Schools

** Higher Police School, which is responsible for the technical training of the student public security officials;

** Academy of Public Security, for the preparation of the Republican Police Corps officers: the Academy educates officers who do not learn only the traditional military education but also a solid grounding in various police fields such as forensic and criminology.

** Two police schools of Rome and Caserta for the preparation of sub-officers and agents of public security;

* Division V - Administrative and Social Police, which deals with the study and use of the most effective means to avert disruption of social and legal order: the Division also deals with the superintendence on administrative departments of public security provincial and sub-provincial offices;

* Division VI - Criminal Police, in charge of liability ascertainment and consequent punishment of the criminal, when, despite the adoption of the means of prevention, the injury of legal-social order has taken place (judicial police);

* Division VIII - Border Police: the MVSN is present on the front lines of the border, while in the back line service is entrusted to the Public Security. The general management is matter for Public Security, but the Militia, in addition to border watch, is responsible for the surveillance and supervision policy.

* Inspectorate General of the Republican Police Corps;

* Inspectorate General of Accountancy.

=== Special Secretariat ===

A Special Secretariat, directly dependent on the Chief of Police, exercises functions of general support, of coordination between divisions and of performing special and confidential tasks. The Secretariat is divided into five offices, led by the Head of the Secretariat:

* Office I - General Affairs and Personnel

* Office II - Analysis, Planning and Documentation

* Office III - Public Order

* Office V - External Relations and Ceremonial

==== Office I - General Affairs and Personnel ====

The Office of General Affairs and Personnel has jurisdiction in internal general affairs, support to general administration and coordination for the implementation of programs and projects related to the direct responsibility of the Head of the Secretariat. In addition, the Office manages the personne of the prefectural career and personnel of the civil administration of the Interiors assigned tio the Directorate General of Public Security.<br>

To perform this task, it monitors the personnel needs of the central offices, and liaises with the  Directorate General for the General Affairs and Personnel. The Office also assigns the Public Security personnel and Civil Administration members to the central offices of the Directorate General. Finally, it manages access permits to the Viminale building and data related to the Public Security personnel assigned to the Directorate General.

==== Office II - Analysis, Planning and Documentation ====

The Office of Analysis, Planning and Documentation has jurisdiction in support to the Head of the Secretariat for the planning and the definition of the objectives and programs and the coordination of the activities of the offices of the Directorate General, as well as internal coordination. The Office main task is the analysis, advice and fitting information. In addition to this task, the Office prepares the records and documents to the National Committee of Order and Public Security, carries out the activities of the security secretariat and technical advice on issues relating to classified documents.<br>

The Office also oversees the functioning of the archives of the Questure and manages the acquisition, monitoring and management of internal and external information related to order and public security. In this sense, the Office directs the "Situations Centre"", in turn tasked with the management of all important peripheral news, and the Disaster Victims Identifications Group.

==== Office III - Public Order ====

The Office of Public Order is the most important office within the Special Secretariat of Public Security (and even within the whole Directorate General of Public Security), because it deals with the top-level management of public order services, mainly on sensitive occasions. The Office is connected with the Central Security Office, the Prefectures and the Questure for the management of public order on the occasion of important events, including rallies, demonstrations and other mass events, both events organized by the Regime and non-authorized events. The Office of Public Order is therefore the body responsible for the deployment of Celere units, other non-territorial units of the Republican Police Corps, forces of the Voluntary Militia for National Security and the Republican National Guard units for both public order and rescue operations in case of public calamity. The Office is also responsible for the oversight of the objectives of public interest and of diplomatic and service of security for foreign dignitaries temporarily visiting in Italy.<br>

The Office of Public Order is divided into three Secotrs:

* 1st Sector - General Affairs: The 1st Sector supports the Director of the Office shall prepare guidelines on the management of events and provisions for the use of mobile forces. To achieve this, it plans reinforcements of the mobile units of the police and security forces for public order services or for rescue operations, assigning directly to the Provincial Authorities of Public Security any special units (canone units, mounted units, bomb disposal units, naval squads, divers and snipers and sharpshooters) and decides on any temporary aggregations of personnel of the Republican Police Corps for such services. With regard to other police forces, it requires such special units to the relevant Commands. The Sector also monitors and analyzes events and other events relevant to public policy, prepares the daily news and produce statistical analyzes.

* 2nd Sector - Official Events, Surveillance and Emergency: the 2nd Sector is in charge of official events attended by the most important State and the Party leaders. In addition, it deals with the most critical situations and with surveillance operations. Therefore, it prepares guidelines on public order services on the occasion of such events, as it is responsible for the preparation of guidelines for the visits of foreign dignitaries in Italy. As regards the surveillance and emergency preparation activities, the Sector prepares the appropriate directives and emergency planning and crisis management that require the intervention of the Armed Forces. Finally, it is responsible for participation in exercises and international working groups for cooperation activities in the field of public security.

* 3rd Sector - Sports Violence: the 3rd Sector is responsible for the management of sports violence. Therefore, it mainly carries out studies and research for the prevention of violence in sport, performing a dynamic analysis of the illegality related to sporting events and establish the guidelines that result. The sector therefore takes the relations with the government's national and international sporting and other organs of the General Directorate for the coordination of law enforcement activities. Finally, the Department are responsible for the course material for the training and retraining of personnel in the field of public policy.

=== Division II - Confidential Affairs ===

The Confidential Affairs Division (It: ''Divisione Affari Riservati'', ''D.AA.RR.'' or more commonly ''D.A.R.'') is a central office of the Division of General and Confidential Affairs. It deals with domestic intelligence and political police functions. Differently from Political Police Division, the DAARR is a pure intelligence-oriented internaly organization, while the Division VII is an overt security apparatus and has operational roles, while DAR is officially restricted to dealing with information.<br />

The Division is divided into six Offices and a central political database (''Casellario Politico Centrale''). Clandestine provincial teams are directly employed by the Confidential Affairs Office, which also uses the "Foreigners Surveillance Offices" framed within Questure.<br />

* Office I: Public security preventive measures, concentration camps, confinement colonies, relations with Political Police;

* Office II: Peripheral teams co-ordination, money laundering and smuggling, urgent and confidential information service, complaints against government persons;

* Central political database.

The chief of Office II is the most important man within the Division, because he manages all information notes and sends them to the relevant Office; moreover, when he receives information about the scandals of high-level personalities, although news of crime, these were forwarded in the form of restricted and precisely through the Chief of Police, the Minister of the Interior which assesses whether or not to proceed. For news of crime of another type, the note is forwarded to the Political Police Division, which in turn forwards the note to the Political Office responsible for the area and this Office signs the judicial report without giving act of the memo information.

=== Division IV - Police Schools ===

The Division of Police Schools and Training Institutes deals with training of both civilian officials and military personnel of all ranks. The task is particularly delicate because the upper echelons are deliberately differentiated and the Division has to amalgamate and create an unique esprit de corps.<br>

Civilian students consist of graduate personnel who attend a 9-months course at the Higher Police Schools, in order to achieve the rank of Deputy Commissioner of Public Security; in addition, there are also high-school graduate civilian students and Marshals who attend the 4-years Special Course of the Academy of Public Security (''Corso Speciale dell'Accademia di Pubblica Sicurezza''), in order to obtain a Law degree graduation and achieve, after two years, the rank of Additional Deputy Commissioner of Public Security. Marshals who are discarghed from the Republican Police Corps and promoted to the rank of Additional Deputy Commissioner of P.S. are often directly employed in a 1-year long period consisting of both operational and study activity.<br>

Alongside the training to become a civilian official, the Division deals with the military training of the CPR; this functional area includes the Regular Course of the Academy of Public Securit (Corso Regolare dell'Accademia di Pubblica Sicurezza), which trains officer cadets, the Sub-Officers School (''Scuola Sottufficiali'') and the Agents Training Centre (''Centro Addestramento Agenti'').

=== Division V - Administrative and Social Police ===

The Division of Administrative and Social Police deals with the study and use of the most effective means to avert disruption of social and legal order: the Division also deals with the superintendence and general guidance on administrative departments of public security provincial and sub-provincial offices. It is one of the most important subdivisions of the Directorate Genral and, to deal with its tasks, the Division consists of three Sections and some independent Offices:

* Section I - Licenses: weapon sell, depot and importation regulation, public establishment control. This Section contains the Explosives Office;

* Section II - Urban and rural regulations;

* Section III - Citizens mobility: emigration, passports issuance, forced stays ans special surveillance.

In addition to the three Sections, within the Division V there is the Anti-Cults Office (''Ufficio Anti-sette'').

=== Divison VI - Criminal Police ===

The Division of Criminal Police is the cornerstone office of the Directorate General of Public Security, being responsible for the coordination of investigations of police at the national level, with particular reference to the search and capture most dangerous fugitives and mafia-type criminal organizations, the crime-related information collection and analysis.<br />

The Division is responsible for international cooperation in the fight against organized crime (drug trafficking, money laundering, trafficking in motor vehicles, counterfeiting, computer crime and environmental crime). The Division also manages and coordinates the collaborators of justice at the national level interventions related to the action of general prevention and control of the territory.<br>

In order to fullfil its tasks, the Criminal Police Division has a number of Sections, Offices and other internal articulations, including the International Criminal Police Central Office (''Ufficio centrale di polizia criminale internazionale'', also known as "''Interpol Italia''").<br>

The Division of Criminal Police is subdivided into three independent Offices and four Sections.

* Office of General Affairs

* Office of Legal and Litigation Affairs

==== Protection Section ====

The Central Protection Section (''Sezione Centrale di Protezione'', SCP) implements special programs of protection and assistance to witnesses and other protected persons. The assistance programs include reintegration into social and working context. The Section also maintains relations with the Judicial bodies and Public Security peripheral organs, as well as with all the other ministries involved in the implementation of protective measures. The Section has as its own support structure 11 Inter-Provincial Operational Offices. The Section in turn consists of 5 Offices: General Affairs, Psychological support, Witnesses, Collaborators of Justice and Special and Temporary Programs.

==== Crime Analysis Section ====

The Crime Analysis Section (''Sezione Analisi Criminale'', SAC) is the centre for the coordination of anti-crime information and strategic analysis on criminal phenomena. The section is divided into eight Offices and operates in constant relationship with other bodies of the Directorate General of Public Security and other police forces.<br>

Offices subordinated to the Sections are: Strategic Crime Analysis Office, Strategic Studies Office, Methodology Office, Criminal Behaviour Analysis Office, Archives Office, Statistical Analysis Office, External Relations Office and Support Office.

==== Central Operational Section ====

The Central Operational Section (''Sezione Centrale Operativa'', SCO) is the top body for the police investigation at the national level. It is engaged in the fight against organized crime, including the infiltration into sectors of the national economy. The area of ​​intervention concerns investigations in a coordinated manner, with direct participation, in the most serious criminal phenomena and the development of operational analysis and consequent strategies to combat it. The Section is divided into nine offices: Fugitives Office, Investigations Support Office, Organized crime and Narcotics Office, Human exploitation office, Common crime Office, Unsolved Crimes Office, Technical Support Office and Analysis Office.

==== Territory Control Section ====

The Territory Control Section identifies and develops strategies for general prevention and control of territory. In addition, it directs the use of all resources allocated to prevention, at both central and peripheral levels. The Territory Control Section deals with  central management tasks, ensuring the monitoring of the various territorial instruments. For these needs, the Section makes a constant study, research and even international interchange.<br>

The Crime Prevention Units depend directly on the Territory Control Section, which plans to use them, and makes them available to the various Questure. The use of the 19 Crime Prevention Units is planned by the Territory Control Section in relation to the demands of the Questors, particularly when local resources are not sufficient.<br>

Offices General Prevention and Public Assistance are organically inserted into Questure and direct the work of the autopatrols and the borough police.

=== Division VII - Political Police ===

The powers of the Division consist in the investigation and suppression of anti-fascist movement, with particular attention to the communist organization. The interrogation methods used by the special small interrogation teams framed in central offices of Political Police are known to be though and sometimes brutal: serious injury and death have to be avoided, and interrogators have to hurt arrested people without leaving a mark.<br />

Political Police is the first-line civilian internal intelligence of the fascist police system, mainly dealing with the collection and analysis of information through the use of informers, spies infiltrated in many different areas of society, not only in the rooms directly anti-fascists but also in Regime-controlled contexts, such as public administration, printing, entertainment, etc. Informants of the Political Police are paid through the fund of political investigation.<br />

* an archive where all documents are inventoried for object, for example in antifascist groups and movements;

* a personal archive format in the files relating to green personality subsidiaries;

* an archive of informants made ​​up of sets of red dedicated to individual trustees and their activity relationships.

For each informant recruited by the Political Police is assigned a number and a code name, such as spy "''John Smith''" has the number "543" and the code name of "Caesar", the number also distinguishes the informant's personal red file. The informants activity consists mainly in the preparation of information reports about the subject or the subject watched. These reports are then to be sent to conventional address prepared for reception by the Division.<br />

Upon receipt of the reports, the Copy Office produces three copies of each document. Of these three copies one is communicated to the Chief of Police, who decides which transmit daily to the Duce, another copy is sent to both the Central Security Office and the Confidential Affairs Division, and the third is assigned by the chief of police Political, according to the specific content of the report, to the official in charge for that field.

Once acquired the single report, the practice follows the criterion for sorting groups of competence. There are three major groups formed by officials of the political police, each of which has jurisdiction for foreign and for domestic purposes:

At the peripheral level, within each Questura there is a Political Office.

=== Division VIII - Border Police ===

The Division of Border Police is tasked with securing and protecting Italy's international borders from unlawful entry of both personnel and materiel. Key tasks include: fixed-point surveillance from border forts and annexes; security patrolling between fixed sites and ports of entry; interdiction of personnel, goods, and equipment in the international border regions and the coastal area; and detention, processing, and exploitation of dissidents and contraband. The Division is organized into 10 Border Police Regions and is the body responsible for all the management of the activities related to land and sea borders protection, in cooperation with the MVSN, the Guardia di Finanza and the Navy.<br>

The Section I - Borders is the element tasked with the management of 53 air, sea and land ports of entry within Italy, responsible for securing ports of entry from internal and external threats and for coordinating Ministerial support to the land points of Entry. The Section manages 18 Border Police Sectors (responsible for land ports, airports and land accesses), 15 Border Police Offices at sea ports, 18 Border Police Offices at airports and 12 Border Police Offices at integrated air and seaports. This Section does not have authority over the numerous tenant ministry organizations located at each of the ports. In some cases, there can be up to 10 different ministries working at a land port, making coordination and efficient port operation quite difficult and the Prefect's activity is under pressure.<br>

The Section II - Immigration contrast deals with immigration contrast and the police cooperation, both at the international and at the Empire level. The Section is divided into four Offices: Immigration Contrast and without Permits Foreigners Office; Sea contrast and Liaision Officers Office; International and Empire Relationships Office; Stay Permits and Immigration Offices Coordination Office.

=== Division IX - Transportation Police ===

The Division groups the two main specialties of Public Security: Traffic Police and Railway Police. The institutional responsibilities specialties are called to fulfill is the safety and security of transportations, of railway lines and of the border. Operators have a high level of professionalism, thanks to the frequency of specific courses at educational institutions of specialties. Each specialty is organized into a "Service", directed by an Inspector General or by a Questor 1st Class, flanked by two or more Questors 2nd Class. Both Services are characterized by an high degree of militarization: civilian officials are assigned only to the central offices.

==== Highway Police Service ====

The Highway Police Service activity takes place on the Italian highway network and on main roads outside highways. It is commanded by officers of the Republican Police Corps, while all other sectors are directed by public security officials. The Service performs tasks of prevention and detection of traffic violations and of traffic accidents, manages inventories for traffic safety, the use of the road assets, helps in the relief operations and detects the traffic flows.<nr>

The Service Command is divided into 4 Offices:

* Office I - Personnel and General Affairs;

* Office II - Operations and Statistical Analysis; the Office is the operational subdivision, which coordinates the activities of prevention, suppression and rescue. The Office prepares road escorts and road surveillance targeted services. In addition, it deals with the statistical analysis and manages the Central Operations Room Information and Coordination Centre for Road Safety (CCISS).

* Office III - Analysis;

* Office IV - Technical equipment and Accounting.

At peripheral level, 19 Compartments Interprovincial operate with as many Motorways Operations Centers and 110 Provincial Sections; in turn, Sections have, as detached bodies, 81 Subsections and 188 Detachments. In Cesena there is the Traffic Police Training Centre and the Special Operations Department is based in Rome.

==== Railway Police Service ====

The Railway Police Service is a service of Public Security, responsible for the prevention and suppression of crime and the maintenance of order and public safety in the railway sector. The service ensures the supervision stations, on trains and in transit patrols along the line in collaboration with the militia station. The Railway Police Service is organized on a territorial basis in peripheral offices, consisting of 17 "Compartments" (based in Ancona, Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Ajaccio, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Reggio Calabria, Rome, Turin, Trieste, Venice, Verona), which control the peripheral, smaller detachments (17 "sections", 27 "subsections", 153 "Railway Police Posts").<br>

The Railway Police Service is organized at the central level, in five offices:

* Office I - Planning and Coordination: The Office provides strategic planning and manages the coordination with the State Railways and the Railway Militia;

* Office II - Analysis: The Office running the study and analysis of data on rail safety, monitors the technological innovation;

* Office III - Personnel and Material Resources: The Office develops strategies for employment of staff (including training) and is responsible for logistics;

Office IV - Propaganda: The Office manages the propaganda for rail safety;

Office V - International Relations : The Office collaborates with the organs of the Railway Police of the neighboring countries for the realization of joint services.  

=== Division X - Scientific Police and Forensics ===

The Division of Scientific Police is the centralized structure which intervenes when particular expertise in the field of the natural sciences is required. The Division manages the Cabinets of Scientific Police (interprovincial and provincial levels) and Signalling and Documentation Posts. From its establishment, which dates back to 1902, the Scientific Police has continually improved its ability to intervene and has acquired a great experience that has always placed at the service of citizens and institutions.<br>

* Section IV - Ballistic and Biological Investigations.

==== Territorial structure ====

The Division of Scientific Police directs 14 Interprovincial cabinets of Scientific Police in Ancona, Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Padua, Palermo, Reggio Calabria, Rome and Turin. The Interprovincial cabinets have jurisdiction with regard to the signaling fotodattiloscopico, the Inspection of the Scientific Police, the electronic documentation in investigative services and the services of public policy, the design of the face in order identikit, the exaltation of latent papillary imprints, fingerprint comparisons, graphic and ballistic investigations. They also have responsibility about the regeneration of the abraded serial numbers, documents and drugs examination.<br>

The Provincial cabinets of Scientific Police are established in every Questura (with the exception of those where there is already the Interprovincial Cabinet) and are framed into the Anti-Crime Division. They have specific responsiblity to carry out the Inspection of the Scientific Police and photographic identification. The activity of the provincial cabinets, if necessary, is coordinated by the leaders of Interprovincial cabinets, which are directly involved in directing the operations of particular gravity.<br>

The Signalling and documentation Posts are located at the Commissariats of Public Security particularly involved in combating crime and protecting public order and security. They have specific responsibility to carry out the technical inspection and photographic idenification.

=== Inspectorates of Public Security ===

Inspectorates and Special Offices of Public Security which have no territorial jurisdiction but are established for special tasks of surveillance and protection. Inspectorates depend directly on the Chief of Police. Each Inspectorate has at its disposal a Group of the Republican Police Corps, with the exception of the Inspectorate of P.S. "Viminale", which operates the Autonomous Group.

* Inspectorate of Public Security "Vatican" - for the protection of the Holy Father and vigilance of the Holy See

* Inspectorate of Public Security "Palazzo Venezia" - for the protection of the Head of the Government and for the surveillance of the seat of government

* Inspectorate of Public Security "Chamber of Fasci and Corporations" - for the protection of the President and the supervision of the registered

* Inspectorate of Public Security "Viminale" - for the protection of the Minister of the Interior, undersecretaries and the monitoring of the complex of the Interior Ministry. Employed by this Inspectorate are placed Special Offices of Public Security at some ministries. These Special Offices of P.S. are in turn in charge both to guarantee the Ministry security and to provide relevant police services overall direction.<br>

Inspectorates of Public Security are headed by officials of Public Security with the position of Inspector General.

== Provincial administration of P.S. ==

Under the Ministry of the Interior is also located the peripheral structure of the Administration of Public Security. At the provincial level the figure of the Prefect is characterized by a dual role: he is responsible for the implementation of the ministerial directives and the direction of the police, and is also responsible for provincial order and public security.<br>

In particular, the Prefect is not part of the chain of command which the Quaestor belongs to; however, the Quaestor operates under the Prefect. In addition, the Prefect is hierarchically subordinate to the Minister of Interior. The Prefect prepares plans for control of the territory, which the Quaestor must implement.<br>

The Podestà, however, in his capacity as Local Authority of Public Security, is framed in a position of functional subordination to the Prefect and to Questor; he can be called to work in the fields of competence for the best performance of the function of public security.<br>

There are also some police offices which are not under the Questor's command as Police official, but are under his direction in his capacity as head of the Public Security service in the province: these offices are, usually, Services detachments; finally, Celere units are not under Questor's command nor direction and neither under local Group Commander's jurisdiction, having their own chain of command. The Prefect, however, can use all of Local Police, Police, MVSN, GNR units, offices and services in the Province, if he deems that the situation requires so.

=== Questura ===

The performance of police services is provided by provincial and local offices. In the capital city of the province, it functions, depedent on the Prefect, a Public Security bureau headed by a Quaestor (It: "''Questore''") and named "Questura". In other smaller centres are established detached Offices of Public Security, headed by a Public Security official reporting to the Prefect and the Quaestor. The most populous cities are divided into districts or sections, each with a specific Office of Public Security subject to the Questura. It is to be noted that "Quaestor" is both a rank and an office: not all Quaestors are in service at provincial Questure, but all Questure are headed by a Questor, of 1st or 2nd Class according the see importance.<br />

In municipalities where there is no established an office of public security the podestà exercises the functions of an officer of public security under the direction and dependence of the Prefect and the Quaestor.<br />

There are Identification Cabinets at Questure headquarters which, together with the central identification services, facilitate the service identification of the culprits.<br />

The offices of the questura are divided into three divisions: the first (cabinet) waits to services more directly aimed at the maintenance of order, the second (police) provides for the discovery of the crime and is maintained for such purposes, in direct contact with the judicial authorities and the third (administrative police) exercises functions of a preventive nature.

* Division I (Cabinet): General and Confidential Affairs Office, Public order Office, Personnel Office Aand ccounting Office. This Division includes the archives of the Cabinet, Political Office and Foreigners Surveillance Office;

* Division II (Anti-Crime police): Mobile Squad (corresponding to the U.K. Criminal Investigations Department), Scientific Police Cabinet, Permanent Criminal Records of the judicial police, Identity cards and notifications register and Criminal general archive;

The provincial capital cities are divided into Sections of Public Security. For each Section is headed by a Commissioner, a Assistant Commissioner and one or more Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Deputy Commissioners. Each section has at its disposal an Agents Squad of the Republican Police Corps, while each Province is organized under a Provincial Group of the Corps.

=== Commissariat of Public Security ===

The Commissariat of Public Security is a structure of the administration of public security, framed in the territorial organization of the Questura. The Commissariat of P.S. is an operatiional detachment of the Questura: inside the Commissariat are present, albeit smaller and tailored to the operational needs of the covered area, the same offices and services available to the Questura. There are two types of Commissariats: Sectional Commissariats, which are city police posts and cover provincial capital Sections of Public Security, and Detached Commissariats, which act as outposts in the Province. The jurisdiction of the latter ones is extended on their District.<br />

The Commissariat is directed by an Official of Public Security with the rank of Commissioner or Chief Commissioner, or in the case of the largest and most important ones, of the rank of Vicequaestor.<br />

Within the Commissariat, like the Questura, they are typically present facilities at which the citizen can carry out different practices of administrative police (issuance or renewal of passport, firearms license, administrative licensing, residence permit, etc..). There is also an "Anti-Crime Team", in which is possible to file a complaint, issue lawsuit, filing a complaint and generally make the most of the possible actions of a legal nature.

== Republican Police Corps ==

The Republican Police Corps is the military branch of the public security services. In the Public Security system, part of the law enforcement, military officers are only exceptionally in charge of police services, while their task is essentially maintaining order and dealing with administrative matters: the bulk of police services is carried out by military agents and NCO and by civilian officials.<br />

The Republican Police Corps is stationed in every province, with its own officers, and placed under Quaestors, under the superintendence of a General, Inspector General of the Corps, under the overall command of the Chief of Police in Rome. The 110 Provincial Groups, each commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel or, for major commands, by a Colonel, are organized in 21 Area Inspectorates, led by Brigadier Generals; below the Provincial Group there are several Subgroups, divided into Squads, Sections and Teams. There are one Cavalry Squadron Group headquartered in Rome and several Celere Units (it.: "''Reparti Celere''"), trucked and well-armed, specially trained for emergency services.

=== Officers ===

* The powers of the Minister of War are exercised by the Minister of the Interior;

* The powers of the General Commanders of Field Armies, Territorial Commanders and higher posts, are exercised by the Chief of Police;

* The powers of the corps commander are exercised by Area Inspectors officers, by School Commanders and Group Commanders, as well as by the Commander of the Autonomous Group of the Ministry of the Interior.

All Officers are public security officers; senior and junior officers are also police officers. The operational use of Officers of the Corps concerns mostly the Celere Units and the Traffic Police: therefore the training provided at the Academy of Public Security focuses on these two aspects.<br />

Cadets are recruited through public competition reserved for two-thirds of citizens between 18 and 23 years and the remaining third to the non-commissioned officers of the Corps with at least two years of service.Cadets, as well as physical and mental qualifications to the permanent police service, must have the high school diploma.

Special and Riot units are employed both for public order services (armed services, grand police services, crowd and riot control, counter-guerrilla warfare and anti-banditism units). These units, serving as a sort of counter-balance for the National Republican Guard internal troops, are manned and directed exclusively by the Republican Police Corps and are directly employed by the Directorate General of Public Security.

* Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers (headquartered in Florence), for sudden and emergency crisis;

* 15 Celere Units of Public Security (headquartered in Rome, Padua, Milan, Neaples, Turin, Genoa, Bologna, Florence, Senigallia, Bari, Catania, Palermo, Reggio Calabria, Taranto and Cagliari): the Republican Police Corps has 17,750 men assigned to the Celere Units.

Celere Units' motto is "''First to arrive, last to give in''" (it: "''Primi ad arrivare, Ultimi a cedere''"). Agents believe, obey, fight. Its function is to ensure public order, at present and in the future. Unlike the rest of Public Security apparatus, men staffing the special and riot units are particularly committed towards Fascism.<br>

Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket, which covered several pieces of body armor and includes a corselet hung from the waist, an aluminum plate down the spine, and shoulder pads. Armored gauntlets cover the hands and forearms. Helmets have faceplates and flared padded skirts down the back to protect the neck. The ranks carry 1.2-meter shields to protect against stave and rocks. Specially designed equipment includes water cannons, armored vans, and mobile tunnels for protected entry into seized buildings. Each troop wears also a radio with an earpiece to hear commands given simultaneously to the unit he belongs to.<br>

Celere units are maintained in virtually self-sufficient compounds and are trained to work as a coordinated force. Officers live in dormitories within riot barracks compounds. Training is continous and focuses on physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems. Celere barracks are the Police places where the military atmosphere prevails: dress codes, behaviour standards, and rank differentiations are more strictly adhered to than in the territorial Public Security apparatus.

The Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers (It: ''Unità Speciale Paracadutisti di Pubblica Sicurezza'') is an operating unit of rapid deployment, made ​​up of men of great courage, significant ability, resistant to fatigue and of proven loyalty to Fascism. The Special Unit is headquartered in Florence.<br />

* Company Command, which brings together offices and logistical and technical services.

* Paratroopers Company, equipped with light arms

The physical and technical-professional training is intense and exhausting and esprit de corps is very high.

Celere Units are units intended for use on the national territory for the protection of public order. They are also used to assist the local police. Celere Units are commanded by a Colonel each, assisted by a Senior Officer acting as deputy and they depend directly on the General Inspector, while functionally they are directed by the Public Order Office.

The Provincial Authority of Public Security requires the use of Celere Units, and the Director General of Public Security orders the use, together with the special vehicles. The minimum operational level is the Team.

The Territorial Police Station (It: ''Stazione di Polizia Territoriale'') is the primary operating unit of the Public Security, articulated on the organic forces ranging from a minimum of 4 to over 20 units. The station is the central element of territorial control. They are located in buildings specially constructed or upgraded in order to promote an effective defense. The premises of the station include a security prison, a chamber of discipline, a kitchen and a dining hall, housing the commander, one double every two gendarmes, and, if married, one for each room and a garage. Stations are commanded by a Marshal and are staffed only by military personnel.<br />

The station is responsibile in a very specific area: large portions of the civilian infrastructure or city, or one or more rural municipalities. The Station Commander is responsible for direct control of land and related institutional activities.<br />

* in the exercise of the Public Security functions, it intervenes in public and private disputes and exercises all appropriate initiatives to take appropriate preventive measures against socially dangerous people.

* in the management of resources, it is responsible for technical and operational use, for discipline and personnel training, for the properties, media, computer and electronic equipment and furnishings.

* 1st category: the stations are placed with an operational focus and a less open to the public 8 hours per day.

* 2nd category: the stations are located which have a greater operational focus and are prepared to receive the public 14 hours a day distributed in 2 shifts from 8.00 to 22.00.

Each station is permanently manned. The most experienced non-commissioned officers are assigned to the command of the 3rd category stations, while the seniority criterion determines the positions of command in the 2nd and 1st category.

 

Public Order services are governed by a special Quaestor's orders, which regulates all the roles of employees in service, including officials in charge. The Head of Service is always an official, mostly of the Political Office, and he wears civilian clothes with the Tricolour Scarf; also all other civilian officials and troops of of the local Political Office and of the Mobile Squad (the detective department) who may be present are in disguise. All others wear the uniform. Only the Head of Service is in charge. Other officials and officers are under him in the roles specified in the Questor's order: they have command of their units, but are subordinate to the Head of Service.<br>

The Head of Service directs the service by giving rules on the objective to be pursued, while the commander of the unit is responsible for the practical part of the service. In handling violent demonstrations and disturbances, riot units are deployed en masse and individual action is strictly forbidden.<br>

When, at meetings or gatherings in a public place, events take place or cries seditious or damaging the prestige of authority, or that may endanger public order or discipline are shout, or when in meetings or in assemblages predicted crimes are committed, meetings and gatherings can be dissolved. The exhibition of anti-fascist flags, emblems or symbols, or any device displaying concepts or ideas of subversion or rebellion or disdain toward the State, Government, Duce or authority is always considered as being a seditious event.<br>

When it is necessary to dissolve a meeting, the people gathered are invited to dissolve by Officers or Subofficers. If the invitation call remains without effect, the dissolution is ordered with three distinct formal notices, each preceded by a trumpet blast If the three injunctions remain without effect or they can not be made because revolt or opposition, the Head of Service orders that the meeting or gathering is dissolved by force.<br>

Both predominant mentality and operational approaches are heavily influenced by the fascist characterization of the Italian Social Republic: however, Italy is no longer a totalitarian State. Riot control follows this setting: although most rallies and demonstrations are carried out by opponents to the Government (but mostly protestors are Fascists who do not support the particular faction), the predominant contrast approach do not deny, in practice, the right to demonstrate. The Public Security (but not the Party armed units) tends to distinguish between "good protesters" (Fascists, peaceful, young, pragmatic, well-disciplined, with a direct interest in the confrontation and with a specific goal) and "bad protesters" (anti-fascists, uninformed, violent, "professional agitators").

Interventions carried out by both Celere units and MVSN are usually brutal, repressive and generalized, in order to dissolve the entire event or gathering. The action of the Celere is usually stiff, responsive and closed to the communication with the protesters. However, in some cases the prior consent and flexible approached is searched for. The dominant model, characterized by the escalation in the use of force, is given an high priority; innovative forms of protest are not tolerated, communication between Public Security and demonstrators is reduced to a minimum and there is a frequent coercive measures and use of agents provocateurs.<br />

The charges are aimed at rejection of the mass of protesters.

The Celere Unit is organized into contingents, deployed in sensitive areas of the operating theater and located in a safe and secure positioning and quick intervention areas, from which it is possible, through predefined paths, intervene in all zones assigned to do so any intervention. The contingent is always placed close to the vehicles assigned. The use of MVSN and other auxiliary units in the management of hardline intervention is variously organized according to the particular circumstances. Use of mounted units is intended to complement the device for the maintenance of order and public security. Only in very rare cases, there are the conditions for safe use of such units, as the maneuvering space adjacent intervention areas. The effectiveness of these units becomes apparent only under certain logistical and environmental conditions:

The use of canine units is a significant resource for the benefit of the police to protect public order: they can increase the overall operational capabilities. The operational capability of these resources is particularly effective outside of the sport events, being careful to not deploy them in isolation, but integrated in a larger instrument and under the direct responsibility of the head of service. The minimum operational integrated entity, therefore, is not less than 2 squads. It should be emphasized the need to maintain the physical or mental integrity of the dog in order to be able to optimize the energy in the event of an intervention aimed at both containment of the crowd and the dispersal of the mob.

Civilian officials are the emanation of the Authority of Public Security, and normally they do not wear uniforms; however, in some specified occasions, also civilian officials of Public Security have to wear police uniforms; these uniforms are the same model of the uniforms used by the Republican Police Corps. It should be noted that the Officials career of the Public Security Administration does not have the rank of Director General (Rank IV), but this rank is replaced by the rank of Prefect, 2nd Class (Rank IV); however, the chief of the Directorate General of the Public Security is senior in rank to Directors General, being a Prefect, 1st Class (Rank III). Prefects 2nd Class assigned to Public Security positions come exclusively from the Officials of Public Security promoted to the rank of Prefect and they count within the 20% of Prefects which do not come from the Prefectural career.

|'''Public Security officials rank (civilian)|| Vice-Commissario Aggiunto di P.S.|| Vice-Commissario di P.S.||Commissario di P.S.||Commissario Capo di P.S.||Vice Questore||Questore di Seconda Classe||Ispettore Generale<br>Questore di Prima Classe||Prefetto di Seconda Classe Capodivisione||

Prefetto di Prima Classe

|'''English translation'''|| Additional Deputy Commissioner of Public Security|| Deputy Commissioner of P.S.||Commissioner of P.S.||Chief Commissioner of P.S.||Deputy Quaestor||Quaestor, 2nd Class||Inspector General<br>Quaestor, 1st Class||Prefect, 2nd Class in charge of a Division||Prefect, 1st Class

|'''Republican Police Corps rank|| Sottotenente|| Tenente||Capitano || Maggiore|| Tenente Colonnello || Colonnello || Brigadier Generale || Maggior Generale Comandante in Seconda || Generale Ispettore del Corpo

|'''English translation'''|| Under Lieutenant|| Lieutenant|| Captain || Major|| Lieutenant Colonel || Colonel || Brigadier General || Major General Second in Command || General Inspector of the Corps

|'''Corresponding Army rank (English)'''||  Second Lieutenant|| Lieutenant|| Captain || Major|| Lieutenant Colonel || Colonel || Brigadier || Major General || Lieutenant General

|'''Shoulder board insignia'''||[[File:Vice Commissario Aggiunto PS - Sottotenente CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Vice Commissario PS - Tenente CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Commissario PS - Capitano CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Commissario Capo PS - Maggiore CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Vice Questore PS - Tenente Colonnello CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Questore di Seconda Classe PS - Colonnello CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Questore di Prima Classe PS - Ispettore Superiore PS - Generale di Brigata CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Ispettore Generale PS - Maggior Generale Comandante in seconda CPR.png|90px]]||[[File:Ispettore Generale Capo PS - Generale Ispettore CPR.png|90px]]

|'''Republican Police Corps rank|| Maresciallo di P.S. || Maresciallo Capo di P.S. || Maresciallo Maggiore di P.S.

|'''Corresponding Army rank (Italian)'''|| Maresciallo || Maresciallo Capo || Maresciallo Maggiore  

|'''Corresponding Army rank (English)'''||  Warrant Officer Class Two || Warrant Officer Second Class || Warrant Officer First Class

|'''Shoulder board insignia'''||[[File:Maresciallo PS.png|90px]]||[[File:Maresciallo capo PS.png|90px]]||[[File:Maresciallo maggiore PS.png|90px]]

|'''Republican Police Corps rank|| Agente || Agente Scelto || Appuntato || Appuntato Capo || Vicebrigadiere || Brigadiere

|'''Corresponding Army rank (English)'''||  Private || Lance Corporal || Corporal || Sergeant|| Staff Sergeant || Staff Sergeant<br>

|'''Shoulder board insignia'''||colspan="6"|[[File:Controspallina truppa PS.png|90px]]

In Italy, the municipalities (and associated individuals) and the provinces are the holders of local police functions related to the powers conferred on them by the State. To that end up bodies of local municipal or provincial police. The Local Police function mainly comprises the protection of citizens from disasters, illegal trade fight, health personnel support, traffic police service (on secondary roads or in inhabited settlements), traffic regulation and parking, as well as local regulations enforcements. To do so, municipalities and provinces are required to establish local police services, under the authority of the Podestà or of the Rector, for the task of enforcing local bylaws. The Podestà or the Rector of the province, in the exercise of their functions, give directions and supervise the functioning of the local police service. The personnel of the local police, while since 1984 under disciplinary overall control of the MVSN Provincial Legion, depends on the competent Authorities of Public Security, through the Commander of the local police. Local Police Agents are Auxiliary Agents of Public Security, and in this capacity they are required to carry out the orders given by superiors and the responsible authorities for the individual operating segments, within the limits of their legal status and laws.<br>

The Ministry of the Interior provides inter-provincial training centers forlocal police officers, directed by a senior Public Security official.

=== Organization ===

Municipalities whose municipal police service is carried out by at least seven agents may establish the the Corps Municipal Police, regulating the legal status of personnel with specific regulations. Provinces always establish their own Provincial Police Corps. The regulation sets the numerical quantity, according to functionality criteria, and the type of organization of the Corps, taking into account the characteristics of the settlement: the organization of the Corps is based on the principle of decentralization to districts. The personnel is divided normally in:

* Commander of the Corps;

* Subofficers and Agents.

The functions of the local police are compulsorily carried out in a partnership on the part of municipalities with a population of up to 3,000 inhabitants and the minimal strength is of 10 officers; if the Corps size is less than 20 Agents, the Commander can be a Marshal. The Local Police Corps commander is responsible to the Podestà or to the Rector and to the Prefect of the training, the discipline and the technical and operational use of the Corps; whathever rank he holds, he is Substitute Officer of Public Security (''Sostituto Ufficiale di Pubblica Sicurezza'', S.U.P.S.). Degrees for access are those corresponding to licenses applied for Public Security; however, the Prefect can authorize different requirements.

== Related voices ==

* [[National Republican Guard (Italian Social Republic)]]

* [[OVRA (Italian Social Republic)|O.V.R.A. (Italian Social Republic)]]