Law enforcement in the Kingdom of Italy

The state security and law enforcement in Italy have a particular status and deep compenetration with PNF organization. This compenetration is ensured through both mandatory Party membership and overall Party dominance over security party and state bodies.
The main and overall agency is the Ministry of the Interior. Below and functionally subordinated to the Ministry there are the two main security bodies: the Directorate General of Public Security, which controls the Republican Police Corps, and the Central Security Office of the Voluntary Militia for National Security, which relies mainly on O.V.R.A..
The Central Security Office is a Party body and is tasked with political security enforcement. The main instrument the CSO operates through is OVRA, tasked with the protection of the Regime and the carrying out of independent intelligence service. OVRA and military intelligence are the two main espionage organizations and they are old concurrents. As part of the internal security system, OVRA has the purpose of fighting anti-regime crimes: it operates against underground politicians, political criminals, dissidents, anti-fascists organizations and terrorists, and protects the Duce and most important Italian political elite members.
The Directorate General of Public Security operates the Republican Police Corps (It: "Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana", C.P.R.), which is the militarized police force of the Italian law enforcement system. Both the Directorate General and the Corps have several branches, although they are grouped in two main divisions, i.e. the Division of Criminal Police, which fights against serious organized crime and has a strong analytic, criminologist and intellectual base, and which controls also the Central Investigations Service, which in turn fights against the most dangerous and harmful criminal cases, and the "usual police", whose purpose is to protect the society from unserious crimes. Furthermore, the Public Security has limited intelligence capabilities, but it serves as partial counterbalance to the Party security apparatus.

Public Security Authority

The public security authority, under Italian law, supervises the maintenance of public order and public safety, to their safety and the protection of property.
The Authority takes care of the observance of the laws and regulations of general and special State, the provinces and municipalities, as well as the orders of the authorities; provides aid in the case of public and private injury. By means of the Officers of Public Security, at the request of the parties, provides for the amicable settlement of disputes private. Tasks of public security authority is therefore to ensure the conditions of social peace, preventing the factors that potentially threaten it and eliminating the states of disturbance already in place.
The public security authority is organized at the national, provincial and local levels:

• The powers of the national public security authority are exercised by the the Chief of Government, the Minister of the Interior and the Director General of Public Security
• The powers of Provincial Public Security Authority are exercised by the the Prefect and the Quaestor.
• The powers of the Local Public Security Authority are exercised by the head of the local Public Security Office or, in the absence of the Office, by the Podestà in his capacity of Officer of the Government. The Head of the Office of Public Security is the the Questor in the provincial capital and the officials in charge of the Commissariats of Public Security in the other municipalities. The Minister of the Interior is responsible for law enforcement and public safety, and the Imperial Authority of Public Security. He has senior management and responsibility of law and order and public security and coordinates the tasks and activities of the police forces. The Minister of the Interior carries out his tasks taking advantage of the Department of Public Security. The direction of the police intervention presupposes a hierarchical formalized in an order that the person should perform; coordination presupposes autonomy of the subject.

Being the Imperial Authority of Public Security, the Minister has the power to adopt measures and ordinances of police for law enforcement and public security. As Imperial Authority of Public Security, the Ministry of the Interior is politically responsible for the adopted policies.
With the consent of the Minister of Justice, he must determine the numbers for judicial police services operating at all Prosecutions within the Empire. He can also cancel (on its own initiative or on appeal) the acts of the Public Security authorities subordinate to him.
In his capacity of National Authority of Public Security, the Ministr of Interior is the authority who co-ordinates, directs and is responsible for the police activities.

Provincial Authoriies of Public Security

The Provincial Authoriies of Public Security are responsible for the public security exercised at a provincial level. There are two Provincial Authorities of Public Security: one coincides with the local Prefect, while the other is the local Questor.
The Prefect has overall responsibility for public order and security in the region and oversees the implementation of directives adopted in the field, ensuring unity of direction and coordination of tasks and activities of the officers and agents of public security (but not the police force as a whole). The Prefect has the power to enact urgent ordinances (Ordinanze contingibili ed urgenti) which derogate from laws in order to deal with situations that endanger public order and public security. If reinforcements are needed for certain services, the assessment on the request lies with the Prefect, who also can dispose of reinforcements directly, although in practice he will put them at disposal of the Questor.
The local Questor is responsible for the management, accountability and coordination at the operational level of police services. Questors are also responsible for issuing the vast majority of police measures and acts, ranging from authorization to exercise commercial activities (if the legal system requires so) to the preventive measures against suspect people.

Local Authority of Public Security

The Local Authorities of Public Safety are responsible for the execution of the general tasks of public security. The Local Authority is the executive branch of the other levels and has a municipal jurisdiction: therefore there is an individual Local Authority in every Municipality. Every Local Authority must ensure the maintenance of order, ensuring compliance with applicable laws and regulations, provide assistance, provide for the amicable settlement of disputes, sorting reports of suspicious or dangerous people, invite a person to appear before him, order the destruction or removal of explosives, issue licenses, and if required by the relevant legal system, receive hotel daily notices, receive the denunciation of the sale of properties, grant a license for the construction of temporary energy installations, authorize the use of masks, receive complaints of employer in respect of any accident at work, grant an authorization for use of airfield, receive complaints from discoveries of cultural goods and so on. No rule assigns tasks to the Local Authority in the field of law enforcement or crime prevention. Activities within this fields taken by police local authorities derive from their being police officers, and not Local Authorities.
Local Authorities of Public Security are:

• Questor, in the capital municipality;
• Heads of Detached Commissariats in the municipality where the Detached Commissariat is located;
• Police Stations Commanders, in their municipality;
• Podestà, where there is no police.

Officers and Agents of Public Security

The Officers and Agents of Public Security are the terminals of the Administration of Public Security and are available to the Authorities of Public Security. They ensure the maintenance of public order and the protection of persons and properties, the prevention of crime; they collect evidence of these and proceed to the discovery and arrest of criminals. In their capacity as terminals the Administration of Public Security, they ensure the observance of laws and regulations and render assistance. The Officers and Agents of Public Security have to produce a written report of what they have done or been able to observe in service accoring to the requirements of their legal systems.
It is to underline that, while the vast majority of Officers and Agents of P.S. are armed, this is not a prerequisite for Officers and Agents of P.S. per se.

Officers of Public Security

The Officers of Public Security provide their services at the request of the parties to settle private disputes. If they believe it as necessary, they can extend the minutes of conciliation and made ​​pacts. These minutes, signed by them, by the parties and by two witnesses, will be produced and will prevail in court, having the recognized value of private writings. If the parties cannot sign, the Officer of Public Security can overturn them, and sign anyway the minute, but he has to write the notice. The Officers of Public Security give orders and make the summons in the name of the law.
The Public Security Officers consist of all Police Officials and Officers and all Prison Officials. They, up to rank of Vicequestore and Lieutenant Colonel excluded, are also Officers of Judicial Police. Other categories of Officers of Public Security are the Officers of the MVSN and of the GNR.

Agents of Public Security

The Agents of public security have to promptly notify, in writing, the public security officers of every crime and every important event that happens in the places where they serve. In urgent cases, the information may be given verbally, held firm the obligation to report them later in writing. Agents of Public Security ordinarily consist in the Police, Prison, MVSN and GNR Non-Commissioned Officers and enlisted. The status of Agents of Public Security may be conferred, temporarily, to drivers of vehicles used by high personalities.

Judicial Police

The Judicial Police did law-enforcement purposes: it is exercised when there has already been a violation of criminal law. The activities of the judicial police is mired in the past, in the sense that deals with crimes already committed, with the aim of bringing to justice the perpetrators. The function of the judicial police is auxiliary to the function of the prosecutor, who is responsible for the prosecution. The Prosecutor has powers of direction in relation to the judicial police; the he, after a preliminary investigation conducted through the judicial police, prosecutes, thus initiating the preliminary phase of the process, conducted by an Examining Judge who collectsn and examinates evidence also through the judicial police.
Officers of Judicial Police include Officials (up to Vicequestore) and top-level NCOs of the Republican Police Corps and the mayor of the municipalities where a police office is not established.
Agents of the judicial police include Enlisted of the Republican Police Corps. There are several exceptions and additions to these categories, but additional people are restricted to a specific area.
The Officers of Judicial Police have the exclusive of certain functions, as delegated by the Judicial Authority: seizure of documents, securities, valuables and correspondence , interceptions and inspections of places, people and things. The Agents of Judicial Police may carry out, among other activities, the identification of the suspect, arrest in flagrante delicto, simply receiving spontaneous statements and the disclosure of crime to the public prosecutor.

Pre-precautionary and public security measures

Public security measures are administrative acts aimed to prevent threats to the public security, safety, morality and decency. These measures are routinely enacted by the relevant Provincial Authority of Public Security. These measures are: Warning, Admonition, Special Surveillance, Forced Stay, Confinement.
The arrest and detention are, in the Italian trial system, measures to restrict personal freedom initiated by a body which is not a court - the judicial police and the prosecutor - and justified by reference to reasons of necessity and urgency.
In such cases it is possible proceed to the provisional restriction of freedom before the intervention of the judge. The measures are temporary and must be communicated to the relevant organ that, on pain of the annulment of the measure, must exercise the control function in answer, within tight deadlines, on the lawfulness of the measure. If a prosecutor has ordered the detention or the arrest, it must be approved by a court or a judge; if the judicial police proceeded to the arrest or detention the responsible of approvation is the prosecutor.
Once executed the order of arrest or detention of a suspect of the crime, a series of tasks must be carried out by the judicial police:

• Immediate reporting to the prosecutor of the place where the person was arrested or stopped and the prosecutor who placed it, only if different from the prosecutor of the place in which it was materially executed;
• Warning to the arrested or detained of the right to appoint a defender;
• Transfer of the arrested or detained in jail as soon as possible but in no case more than forty-eight hours: by this act the subject is formally made ​​available to the prosecutor;
• Transmission of the record of arrest or detention within forty-eight hours of execution of the deed, the failure to meet the deadline, if the prosecutor has authorized an extension that can not exceed the ninety-six hours from arrest or detention, determines the ineffectiveness of the measure;
• Agree, even immediately, even in the barracks, the conversation between the defense lawyer and the arrested or detained, the prosecutor may differ by reasoned decree the subject's right to meet the defender; such deferment applies until the arrested or the detained is placed at the disposal of the judge;

Police Warning

The Police Warning is a notice issued by the local police commander in which he warns people to change behaviour, warning them that, if not, the preventive measures can be adopted. The following categories of people may be wary of the commander of the police:

• The usual idlers and vagabonds, valid at work;
• Those who are habitually and notoriously addicted to illicit trafficking;
• Those who are suspected of living with the proceeds of crimes or offences, or the aiding or who are prone to commit a crime;
• Those who are suspected of exploiting illegal prostitution, or trafficking in women, or corruption of minors, to exercise the contraband, or to sell or facilitate the use of fraudulently;
• Those who routinely perform other activities contrary to public morals and decency.

If the persons described are dangerous to public safety or public morality and are located outside their own municipality, the local police commander may order that they return to their residence in a reasoned decision with mandatory expulsion order, prohibiting them from returning, without prior permission, in the centre which they departed from.

Police Admonition

The admonition is a preeventive measure for social defence against people dangerous for public security and public morality. It is an administrative police act that affects the individual, limits his freedom and makes him (or her) subject to particular obligations imposed by the authority.
One who is the object of admonition must find, in a short-term, work; must set firmly his residence and make it known, in the same period, to the local public security authority and cannot get away without prior notice; he cannot be associated to or attend sentenced or suspected persons, must respect the curfew, cannot go habitually in taverns or brothels, and cannot participate in public meetings. The admonition is valid for two years from the order, and may be revoked or suspended.
The following categories of persons are subject to the admonition:

• Usual idlers and vagabonds valid at work, which are not provided with the means of subsistence or suspected of living with the gains of criminal actions;
• Those who are suspected of exploiting illegal prostitution, or trafficking in women, or corruption of minors, to exercise the contraband, or to sell or facilitate the use of fraudulently;
• Habitual drug dealers;
• Drug addicts viewed as socially dangerous;
• Suspected of subversive activities;
• Those who are deemed dangerous to the state order;
• Perpetrators of the crimes of intentional fire, theft, robbery, extortion and blackmail, fraud, money forgery of and public credit abuse, embezzlement and handling stolen goods;
• Those found guilty of aiding and abetting of these crimes and crimes against the Empire and against public order;
• Perpetrators of crimes committed with weapons or explosives
• Those found guilty of aiding and abetting of crimes committed with weapons or explosives

The authority to pronounce the Admonition lies within a provincial administrative committee, composed of the Prefect or his delegate, which chairs, the local prosecutor and the local police commander or his delegate. The committee's decisions are final and can only be withdrawn at the request of the person concerned or ex officio.

Special surveillance

The special surveillance is a preventive measure. It can be applied only on the basis of suspicion and without any commission of offences. It is a more serious variant of the Police Admonition. It applies to persons who are considered hazardous for the security and the public morality and, in particular, to:

• Those who suspected of living with the gains of criminal actions;
• Those who are suspected of exploiting illegal prostitution, or trafficking in women, or corruption of minors, to exercise the contraband, or to sell or facilitate the use of fraudulently;
• Habitual drug dealers;
• Suspected of subversive activities;
• Those who are deemed dangerous to the state order;

The local police commander must verbally notify the person subject to special supervision, stating the reasons. Later, the commander issues a formal Police Warning. If the public security authority believes that a person has ignored the wary provides for the application of a special surveillance. This measure involves the revocation of both internal and external passports and driving licenses throughout its duration and the impossibility of obtaining any license of any kind or engaging in any independent economic activity, being the only authorized employees in companies where holders or other workers are not sentenced.
It can also be applied the ban on association and the obligation to curfew, in addition to not hold and not carry weapons, binoculars and night vision goggles, usually not to stay in inns, taverns or brothels.

Confinement

The confinement is a preventive measure proposed by the police authorities and imposed without the need for a trial and a conviction. Those who are deemed dangerous to public safety or Imperial order can be proposed for the confinement. Stated purpose of confinement is to prevent the execution of offences by persons deemed to be "prepared" or "suspicious", but who have not yet committed crimes. In particular, this measure affects the crime of association. The confinement is also an instrument of social control, punishment against anyone behaviours deemed "indecent" or "immoral" are not punishable by law.
The complaints made ​​by the police or by a subject are passed to the Ministry of Interior, which refers to a Commission. The Commission questions the reported and invites him to present justifications. If the Commission approves the proposed confinement, the subject was arrested and subsequently sent in the municipality chosen by the Ministry.

Forced Stay

The Forced Stay is an administrative measure, consisting in the obligation to live in a restricted location, established by the authorities, for a certain period of time (even a few years).

Arrest

The arrest is a measure restricting personal liberty that officers and agents of the judicial police take against those who are caught in flagrante delicto, that is, those who are caught in the act of committing the crime (proper flagrante), or chased after the offence, or surprised with things or tracks from which it appears that he has committed the crime immediately before (improper flagrante).

Flagrante delicto

The arrest in flagrante delicto may be mandatory or optional.
The arrest in flagrante delicto is mandatory:

• For intentional crimes, attempted or actual, punishable by imprisonment for life or imprisonment of not less than the minimum five and maximum of twenty years;
• For a series of intentional crimes, attempted or actual, that despite being punished with lower penalties, but cause widespread public alarm (eg, robbery, extortion, drug dealing, robbery or burglary).

The arrest in flagrante delicto is optional:

• in the presence of intentional criminal acts, attempted or consummated, punishable by a maximum imprisonment of three years,
• in the presence of a culpable offence punishable with imprisonment of not less than five years;
• in the presence of crimes that cause public alarm and whose maximum penalty is less than three years (eg. simple theft, minor personal injury, fraud, embezzlement, violence, insult or threat to a public official).

In any case, the judicial police can exercise the power to make an arrest when the measure is justified by the gravity of the fact or by the dangerousness of the person, taken from his personality or the circumstances of the fact.
If it comes to crimes prosecuted on complaint, the arrest in flagrante delicto is only possible if the complaint is lodged officer or agent of the judicial police present at the scene of the crime. If the plaintiff claims to withdraw the lawsuit, the arrested person must be immediately released.

Non-flagrante delicto

The arrest also out of the state of flagrante delicto is required in case of:

• Lack of departure within five days following the prefectural decree of expulsion or unauthorized re-entry.
• Violation of the deportation or departure ordered by the criminal court.

The arrest also out of the state of flagrante delicto is allowed in the case of evasion and breach of rescue. It is forbidden to arrest if the driver stops and provides aid.
When for reasons of security and public safety it is not possible to proceed immediately to the arrest, the one who, on the basis of documentation from which emerges unequivocally the crime, appears author of resistance, violence, threat or injury to a public official, violence, aggravated damages, devastation, looting, is still considered in a state of flagrante delicto as long as the arrest is made ​​within ninety-six hours after the event.

Detention of a suspect of crime

The detention of a suspect of crime also operates out of the case of flagrante delicto when there are grounds to believe founded the danger of escape of the person seriously suspect in

• A crime for which the law prescribes life imprisonment or imprisonment of not less than five years
• A crime concerning military weapons and explosives
• A crime committed for the purpose of terrorism, including international terrorism, piracy or subversion.

In the classical case, the detention of suspect is an interim measure ordered by the public prosecutor owner of the investigation, but when he has not yet taken over the investigation, the police carry out the detention. The jurisdiction of the judicial police also exists when the prosecutor has already taken over the investigation but for reasons of urgency it is not possible to wait for the decision of the prosecutor.

Dualism of the police: the National Republican Guard and the Republican Police Corps

The dualism between GNR and Police and can be explained as that it duplicates the dualism between Fascism and the Government, not only institutionally, but also substantially.
The GNR refers more to Fascism, because of their being actual and effective part of the Militia, which, political armed force, heads not to the government, but to the Duce.
The Republican Police Corps, for its part, being only formally part of the armed forces, but actually depending on its General Directorate, then on the Ministry of the Interior, is also an institutional military hand of the government.
The contrast between organisms of Fascism and the organs of government acquires precise meanings.
The loyalty of the Guard to Fascism means that the weapon is the active force of the defense of Fascism par excellence. Loyalty to the institutions for the GNR becomes institutionalized loyalty to Fascism, and the loyalty to the state becomes the state loyalty to Fascism, and the fidelity to the law turns into loyalty immutability of the law. Among the National Republican Guards there is first of all the sublime aura of the Idea and its defence. Within cadres, especially higher, the GNR has perfectly mastered the rhetoric that accompanies it in its existence.
Within the Republican Police Corps and generally within Public Security, unlike the GNR, are the men to prevail over the organization. Public Security does not have the myth of itself, has no "prestige" to keep alive, and speaks of prestige reasoning in technical and efficiency terms.
In terms of self-representation, the pride of the Guard who thinks defending Fascism, matches the mutable pose of the policeman who knows protecting the power of the government.
The Republican Police, as part of the armed forces, observes laws and military regulations, like the Republican National Guard. Because of its dependence on a civil Ministry, and of presence at its top of the Corps of Officials, the same rules of conduct that are of within the GNR automatic application, in the Police they become a means of pressure and intimidation.
All other structural differences between the two forces descend from here.
The Republican National Guard is the body far more technically equipped to act as a mass crash at all times, thanks to the Battalions "M" and the five Divisions of the Legionary Corps, while Public Security is much less well armed, less rigidly centralized, with more appropriate means for dissolution of crowds and riots.
The Republican National Guard is the ideal tool to hold the supreme security of the State and Fascism. The GNR is used much less of Public Security, acting as a reserve for "special occasions".
The Republican National Guard has rhetoric is inherited by the police and by the Militia according to which each Guard is an ardent Fascist, square, maker of victories, the guardian of the Fascist homeland, slave only of duty, Latin proud virtue and bravery.
Neither the Republican Police Corps nor the Public Security have precise rhetoric beyond efficiency.

Central Security Office

The Central Security Office (it: "Ufficio Centrale di Sicurezza) is an organization subordinate to the Commandant General of the MVSN. The organization's stated duty is to fight all political enemies of the Fascist Regime. It is to note that the UCS is a functional body of the MVSN and is in charge of direction of particular services of autonomous bodies.
The UCS was created on 8 September 1946 through the merger of the various criminal intelligence agencies with the OVRA.
The organization controls the political security service of the OVRA. Its activities include intelligence-gathering, political-criminal investigation, overseeing foreigners, monitoring public opinion.
The UCS is divided into eight offices:

• Personnel and Organization Office
• Administration, Law, and Finance Office
• Archives and Propaganda Office
  • Central Political Records
• OVRA Liasion office - Internal political surveillance
• OVRA Liasion office - External political surveillance
• OVRA Liasion office - Leaders protection
• GNR Liasion office - Internal Troops
• General Inspectorate for action against terrorism
• Political Confinement Office

GNR Internal Troops

The Internal Troops are the main National Republican Guard force. Internal Troops are functionally subordinated to the Central Security Office. They are used to support and reinforce the Public Security instrument, deal with large-scale crowd control, internal armed conflicts, maximum-security prison guard and safeguarding of highly-important facilities like nuclear power plants. During wartime, the GNR Internal Troops falls under Armed Forces command and fulfill the missions of local defence and rear area security.
The main kinds of Internal Troops are field units, prison security units, various facility-guarding units and special forces.
Internal Troops belong to the National Republican Guard and consist of the 24 "M" Battalions, the "M" Marines Regiment "San Giorgio" and the special forces units.

Special Court for State Security

The Special Court for State Security (it: Tribunale Speciale per la Sicurezza dello Stato) is a special court of the Fascist Regime, competent to judge crimes against the security of the state and the regime. The Special Court is responsible for the punishment of a series of offences "against state security" and the reconstruction of dissolved associations, organizations or parties, and anti-national propaganda activities abroad. In war, the Special Court has other fields of jurisdiction, such as treason, espionage, fraud and breach of military supplies, or political offences such as association or subversive propaganda subversive or anti-national committed by the military.
The Special Court has the power to warn, admonish, and convict the defendants political deemed dangerous to public order and security of the Regime: the Special Court operates according to the rules of the Military Penal Code of War.
The defence is only allowed after the indictment and the accused may be assisted by one defender, chosen from among the officers on duty at the court or among lawyers exercising their profession. However, the chairman at the request of the prosecutor can exclude the assistance of non-military defense, in cases where it deems it necessary for the public interest. In the proceedings before the Special Court is not allowed bail.
Against its judgments only appeal to the Duce is allowed.

Composition

The Court is unique throughout the state, but in case of need can operate in multiple sections. It consists of:

• A President, chosen among the general officers of the National Republican Army, National Republican Navy and National Republican Air Force and the Voluntary Militia for National Security, in permanent active duty;
• Five judges, chosen from among the officers of the MVSN having the rank of Consul in permanent active duty;
• A speaker, without voting rights, chosen among the staff of military justice.

Broad organization of the Public Security services

The direction of the public security service is assigned to the prefects appointed by the government (both at the top of the Directorate General and locally, in the provincial governments), but responsibility for the execution of the service is entrusted to civilian officials of public security, and finally the executive service is entrusted to a military corps.
The Prefect is the highest authority of Public Security in the provinces and, with regard to the functions of the police, may adopt the necessary measures for the protection of public order and public security. Prefects have functional superiority, besides being higher in rank, compared to the officials of Public Security.
They, however, unlike Prefects, are policemen to all intents and purposes, whose shoulders the direction of public security services rests on. The Quaestor exercises the technical direction of all police services and public order in the provincial constituency. He belongs to the civilian personnel of Public Security.
In carrying out their activities the Questor and officials of Public Security are assisted by military personnel of the Republican Police Corps.
The Republican Police Corps is under the Ministry of Interior and is part of the armed forces of the state. Except for civilian officials, members of the Public Security are subject to the military law of peace and war, and, in the case of violations, are judged by military courts.
Each of the three components (Prefects, Officials, Military) follows its own rules of reference with regard to disciplinary measures, professional training, remuneration and career prospects. The civilian components (especially the Prefect Corps) are favoured, while the military component, except for the officers, is the most disadvantaged.

Directorate General of Public Security

In Italy, the Ministry of the Interior provides for the protection of public security. Under the direct dependence of the Ministry is the Directorate-General of Public Security, central governing body comprising all police services, both preventive and repressive; Civil Administration of the Interior officials and Public Security officials are assigned to the Directorate General.
The Directorate General of Public Security deals with non-political crime, public order and general police duties. In particular, offices of the Directorate-General oversee services related to the maintenance of public order and public safety, prevention and repression of crime, for the protection of public safety, the protection of public morality and decency, supervision the border and the transport police.

Officials of Public Security

In Italy the police are made up of civilian and military personnel. Civilian personnel consists of public security officials and agents, depending on the Ministry of the Interior.
The career of public security personnel is regulated, as well as by the general provisions on the organization of hierarchical government of the state and the law on the legal status of the clerks of the state. According to these regulations, the staff of the administration of public security is divided into two categories:

• A Group personnel, public safety officers;
• C Group personnel, employees of police and employees of order.

Ranks in the career of public security officers are as follows in descending order: Chief Inspector General, Inspector General, Quaestor (1st and 2nd class), Deputy Quaestor, Chief Commissioner, Commissioner, Additional Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Additional Deputy Commissioner. Public security officers, below to Deputy Quaestor, are also police officers.
Candidates for a career of public security officers access through a competitive examination. Winners can, however, achieve the initial level only after a trial period, during which they must participate in a training course at the high school police and pass a theoretical and practical examination on the course program.
The staff of the C-Group is divided into:

• Employees of Police, which assist the public security officials in dealing with the affairs of administrative police;
• Order employees, who are engaged in keeping of archives, records, as well as copy jobs.

Central organization

The general direction is organized into a Secretariat, three Inspectorates General and 14 Divisions:

• General Inspectorate for Public Security in the Duce of the Republic
• General Inspectorate of Public Security at the Vatican
• General Inspectorate for Public Security in the Ministry of the Interior
• Secretariat
  • General and regional Inspectors
  • Central Identification Service: central signaling and identification service, with a central criminal identification records office;
• Division I - General and Legislative Affairs, Legislation and documentation - the Division is also involved with public order management and internal intelligence co-ordination policy and it divided into three Offices:
  • General Affairs Office
  • Subversive Movement and Public Order Office (liasion with the Central Security Office)
  • Studies and Legislation Office
• Division II - Confidential Affairs
• Division III - Personnel of Public Security - the Division administers the public security civilian personnel (officers, employees, ushers);
• Division IV - Police Schools
  • Higher Police School, which is responsible for the technical training of the student public security officials;
  • Academy of Public Security, for the preparation of the Republican Police Corps officers: the Academy educates officers who do not learn only the traditional military education but also a solid grounding in various police fields such as forensic and criminology.
  • Two police schools of Rome and Caserta for the preparation of non-commissioned and agents of public security;
• Division V - Administrative Police, which deals with the study and use of the most effective means to avert disruption of social and legal order: the Division also deals with the superintendence on administrative departments of public security provincial and sub-provincial offices;
  • Explosives Office
• Division VI - Criminal Police, in charge of liability ascertainment and consequent punishment of the criminal, when, despite the adoption of the means of prevention, the injury of legal-social order has taken place (judicial police);
  • Central Investigation Service;
  • Central Anti-Drug Directorate;
  • National Coordination Centre of criminal police operations
• Division VII - Political Police
• Division VIII - Border Police: the MVSN is present on the front lines of the border, while in the back line service is entrusted to the Public Security. The Militia, in addition to border watch, is responsible for the supervision policy.
• Division IX - Transportation Police;
  • Highway Police Service: is commanded by officers of the Republican Police Corps, while all other sectors are directed by public security officials
• Division X - Contracts and supplies management;
• Division XI - Police barracking;
• Division XII - Technical Services and Telecommunications;
• Division XIII - Motorization;
• Division XIV Social Assistance;
• Inspectorate General of the Republican Police Corps;
• Inspectorate General of Accountancy.

Division II - Confidential Affairs

The Confidential Affairs Division (It: Divisione Affari Riservati, D.AA.RR. or more commonly D.A.R.) is a central office of the Division of General and Confidential Affairs. It deals with domestic intelligence and political police functions. Differently from Political Police Division, the DAARR is a pure intelligence-oriented internaly organization, while the Division VII is an overt security apparatus and has operational roles, while DAR is officially restricted to dealing with information.
The Division is divided into six Offices and a central political database (Casellario Politico Centrale). Clandestine provincial teams are directly employed by the Confidential Affairs Office, which also uses the "Foreigners Surveillance Offices" framed within Questure.
The DAR organization is based on funcional criteria:

• Office I: Public security preventive measures, concentration camps, confinement colonies, relations with Political Police;
• Office II: Peripheral teams co-ordination, money laundering and smuggling, urgent and confidential information service, complaints against government persons;
• Office III: Informers accountancy and confinement colonies management;
• Office IV: Technical support and tapping support;
• Office V: Leftist activity analysis;
• Office VI: Liberal, eversive, subversive organizations and separatist activity analysis;
• Central political database.

The chief of Office II is the most important man within the Division, because he manages all information notes and sends them to the relevant Office; moreover, when he receives information about the scandals of high-level personalities, although news of crime, these were forwarded in the form of restricted and precisely through the Chief of Police, the Minister of the Interior which assesses whether or not to proceed. For news of crime of another type, the note is forwarded to the Political Police Division, which in turn forwards the note to the Political Office responsible for the area and this Office signs the judicial report without giving act of the memo information.

Divison VI - Criminal Police

The Division of Criminal Police is the cornerstone office of the Directorate General of Public Security. It is responsible for the coordination of investigations of police at the national level, with particular reference to the search and capture most dangerous fugitives and mafia-type criminal organizations, the collection and analysis of information related to the crime.
The Division is responsible for international cooperation in the fight against organized crime (drug trafficking, money laundering, trafficking in motor vehicles, counterfeiting, computer crime and environmental crime). The Division also manages and coordinates the collaborators of justice at the national level interventions related to the action of general prevention and control of the territory.

Division VII - Political Police

The powers of the Division consist in the investigation and suppression of anti-fascist movement, with particular attention to the communist organization.
Political Police is the first-line civilian internal intelligence of the fascist police system, mainly dealing with the collection and analysis of information through the use of informers, spies infiltrated in many different areas of society, not only in the rooms directly anti-fascists but also in Regime-controlled contexts, such as public administration, printing, entertainment, etc. Informants of the Political Police are paid through the fund of political investigation.
The Division has placed under its own a Divisional File Cabinet, in order to achieve operational autonomy from OVRA. The Cabinet is divided into three portions:

• an archive where all documents are inventoried for object, for example in antifascist groups and movements;
• a personal archive format in the files relating to green personality subsidiaries;
• an archive of informants made ​​up of sets of red dedicated to individual trustees and their activity relationships.

For each informant recruited by the Political Police is assigned a number and a code name, such as spy John Smith has the number "543" and the code name of "Caesar", the number also distinguishes the informant's personal red file. The informants activity consists mainly in the preparation of information reports about the subject or the subject watched. These reports are then to be sent to conventional address prepared for reception by the Division.
Upon receipt of the reports, the Office Copy produces three copies of each document. Of these three copies one is communicated to the Chief of Police, who decides which transmit daily to the Duce, another copy is sent to the Central Security, and the third is assigned by the chief of police Political, according to the specific content of the report to the official in charge. Once acquired the single report, the practice follows the criterion for sorting groups of competence. There are three major groups formed by officials of the political police, each of which has jurisdiction for foreign and for domestic purposes:

• Mambrini group: Western Europe, the U.S., British and French colonies and North Africa to the interior of the country directs the activity groups in clandestine contact with foreign countries;
• Caccavale Group: Central and Eastern Europe and Switzerland, on the domestic front are issues of dissent, smuggling of currency, trade unions and political personalities;
• Tripoli group: Leftists.

Within each Questura there is a Political Office.

Inspectorates of Public Security

Inspectorates and Special Offices of Public Security have no territorial jurisdiction but are established for special tasks of surveillance and protection. Inspectorates depend directly on the Chief of Police. Each Inspectorate has at its disposal a Group of the Republican Police Corps, with the exception of the Inspectorate of P.S. "Viminale", which operates the Autonomous Group.

• Inspectorate of Public Security "Vatican" - for the protection of the Holy Father and vigilance of the Holy See
• Inspectorate of Public Security "Palazzo Venezia" - for the protection of the Head of the Government and for the surveillance of the seat of government
• Inspectorate of Public Security "Chamber of Fasci and Corporations" - for the protection of the President and the supervision of the registered
• Inspectorate of Public Security "Viminale" - for the protection of the Minister of the Interior, undersecretaries and the monitoring of the complex of the Interior Ministry. Employed by this Inspectorate are placed Special offices of Public Security at some ministries.

Inspectorates of Public Safety are headed by officials of Public Security with the position of Inspector General.

Questura

The performance of police services is provided by provincial and local offices. In the capital city of the province, it works, depedent on the prefect, a Public Security Bureau headed by a Quaestor. In other smaller centres may be established detached Offices of Public Security, headed by a Public Security official reporting to the prefect and the quaestor. The most populous cities are divided into districts or sections, each with a specific Office of Public Security subject to the Questura.
In municipalities where there is no established an office of public security the podestà exercises the functions of an officer of public security under the direction and dependence of the prefect and the quaestor.
There are cabinets at the police headquarters signaling which, together with the central service identification, facilitate the service identification of the culprits.
The offices of the questura are divided into three divisions: the first (cabinet) waits to services more directly aimed at the maintenance of order, the second (police) provides for the discovery of the crime and is maintained for such purposes, in direct contact with the judicial authorities and the third (police administration) exercises functions of a preventive nature.

• Operations Room
• Division I (Cabinet): General and Confidential Affairs Office, Public order Office, Personnel Office, Accounting Office and main rules. This Division includes the archives of the Cabinet, Political Office and Foreigners Surveillance Office;
• Division II (Judicial police): Mobile Squad (corresponding to the UK Criminal Investigations Department), the Permanent Criminal Records of the judicial police, Identity cards and notifications register and includes the criminal general archive;
• Division III (Administrative police): police affairs and administrative archives. The Administrative Division includes passports and weapons licenses, police offices for minors.

The provincial capital cities are divided into Sections of Public Security. For each Section is headed by a Commissioner, a Assistant Commissioner and one or more Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Deputy Commissioners. Each section has at its disposal an Agents Squad of the Republican Police Corps, while each Province is organized under a Provincial Group of the Corps.

Commissariat of Public Security

The Commissariat of Public Security is a structure of the administration of public security, framed in the territorial organization of the Questura. The Commissariat of P.S. is an operatiional detachment of the Questura: inside the Commissariat are present, albeit smaller and tailored to the operational needs of the covered area, the same offices and services available to the Questura. There are two types of Commissariats: Sectional Commissariats, which are city police posts and cover provincial capital Sections of Public Security, and Detached Commissariats, which act as outposts in the Province. The jurisdiction of the latter ones is extended on their District.
The Commissariat is directed by an Official of Public Security with the rank of Commissioner or Chief Commissioner, or in the case of the largest and most important ones, of the rank of Vicequaestor.
Within the Commissariat, like the Questura, they are typically present facilities at which the citizen can carry out different practices of administrative police (issuance or renewal of passport, firearms license, administrative licensing, residence permit, etc..). There is also an "Anti-Crime Team", in which is possible to file a complaint, issue lawsuit, filing a complaint and generally make the most of the possible actions of a legal nature.

Republican Police Corps

The Republican Police Corps is the military branch of the public security services. In the Public Security system, part of the law enforcement, military officers are only exceptionally in charge of police services, while their task is essentially maintaining order and dealing with administrative matters: the bulk of police services is carried out by military agents and NCO and by civilian officials.
The Republican Police Corps is stationed in every province, with its own officers, and placed under Quaestors, under the superintendence of a General, Inspector General of the Corps, under the overall command of the Chief of Police in Rome. The 110 Provincial Groups, each commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel or, for major commands, by a Colonel, are organized in 21 Area Inspectorates, led by Brigadier Generals; below the Provincial Group there are several Subgroups, divided into Squads, Sections and Teams. There are one Cavalry Squadron Group headquartered in Rome and several Celere Units (it.: "Reparti Celere"), trucked and well-armed, specially trained for emergency services.

Officers

Officers of the Republican Police Corps are subject to the rules of the Regulation of military discipline for the Army and the military criminal law.

• The powers of the Minister of War are exercised by the Minister of the Interior;
• The powers of the General Commanders of Field Armies, Territorial Commanders and higher posts, are exercised by the Chief of Police;
• The powers of the Commander of Army Corps are exercised by the General - Inspector General of the Corps;
• The powers of the corps commander are exercised by Area Inspectors officers, by School Commanders and Group Commanders, as well as by the Commander of the Autonomous Group of the Ministry of the Interior.

All Officers are public security officers; senior and junior officers are also police officers. The operational use of Officers of the Corps concerns mostly the Celere Units and the Traffic Police: therefore the training provided at the Academy of Public Security focuses on these two aspects.
Cadets are recruited through public competition reserved for two-thirds of citizens between 18 and 23 years and the remaining third to the non-commissioned officers of the Corps with at least two years of service.Cadets, as well as physical and mental qualifications to the permanent police service, must have the high school diploma.

Special and Riot units

Special and Riot units are employed both for public order services (armed services, grand police services, crowd and riot control, counter-guerrilla warfare and anti-banditism units). These units, serving as a sort of counter-balance for the National Republican Guard internal troops, are manned and directed exclusively by the Republican Police Corps and are directly employed by the Directorate General of Public Security.

• Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers (headquartered in Florence), for sudden and emergency crisis;
• Cavalry Squadron Group (headquartered in Rome);
• 5 Counter-guerrilla Groups (headquartered in Cagliari, Vibo Valentia, Neaples, Rome and Milan);
• 15 Celere Units of Public Security (headquartered in Rome, Padua, Milan, Neaples, Turin, Genoa, Bologna, Florence, Senigallia, Bari, Catania, Palermo, Reggio Calabria, Taranto and Cagliari): the Republican Police Corps has 17,750 men assigned to the Units Celere.

Celere Units' motto is "First to arrive, last to give in" (it: "Primi ad arrivare, Ultimi a cedere"). Agents believe, obey, fight. Its function is to ensure public order, at present and in the future. Unlike the rest of Public Security apparatus, men staffing the special and riot units are particularly committed towards Fascism.

Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers

The Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers is an operating unit of rapid deployment, made ​​up of men of great courage, significant ability, resistant to fatigue and of proven loyalty to Fascism. The Special Unit is headquartered in Florence.
The Unit is organized:

• Company Command, which brings together offices and logistical and technical services.
• Paratroopers Company, equipped with light arms
• Armoured Company
  • Motorcyclists Paratroopers Platoon

The physical and technical-professional training is intense and exhausting and esprit de corps is very high.

Celere Units

Celere Units are units intended for use on the national territory for the protection of public order. They are also used to assist the local police. Celere Units are commanded by a Colonel each, assisted by a Senior Officer acting as deputy. A Celere Unit is organized into:

• Command Platoon;
  • Command Office, for the management of of general affairs, personnel, training, warehouse and armory and for asset management and accounting;
  • Vehicles Office for the Unit fleet management;
  • Telecommunications Office, for the management of of the apparatuses specialized communication;
  • Logistics Office for the needs of the catering and social and recreational activities;
  • Health Office, for the protection of health.
• 5-7 Operational Companies, 200 men each.

The Provincial Authority of Public Security requires the use of Celere Units, and the Director General of Public Security orders the use, together with the special vehicles. The minimum operational level is the Team.

Related voices

• National Republican Guard (Italian Social Republic)
• O.V.R.A. (Italian Social Republic)