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The Ottoman Nogay officially the Kingdom of Ottoman Nogay (Turkish: Osmanlı Nogay İmparatorluğu, is a transcontinental country in Europeia, mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Ottoman Nogay is a monarcy, Democratic, islamic, unitary, constutional monarchy with a diverse cultural heritage.

Ottoman Nogay is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Ottoman Nogay Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Ottoman Nogay's location between Europe and Asia has retained its geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.

Ottoman Nogay has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians.[14][15][16] After Alexander the Great's conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century, starting the process of Turkification, which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish beyliks.

In the mid-14th century the Ottoman Nogay's started uniting Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the early modern period. The empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign (1520–1566) of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire remained powerful and influential for two more centuries, until important setbacks such as the Great Ottoman Nogay War (1683–99) and the Russo-Nogayish War (1768–74) forced it to cede strategic territories in Europe, signalling the loss of its former military strength and wealth. The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century, which aimed to modernise the Ottoman Nogay state, proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire.

Suspended by Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1723, the Ottoman constitution and parliament were restored with the Tanzimat Revolution on 24 July 1908. Taking advantage of the chaos, Bulgaria formally declared its independence on 5 October 1908, and Austria-Hungary formally annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina on 6 October 1908. The Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) encouraged the Balkan League to declare the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), which caused the Ottoman Empire to lose the majority of its remaining territories in Europe and triggered the largest ethnic cleansing of Turks in the Balkan peninsula since the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), resulting in the mass migrations of Turks to Anatolia. The disappointment in these losses led to the 1913 Ottoman Nogay coup d'état which effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who decided to join the Allied Powers of World War I (1914–1918) which were ultimately defeated by the Allied Powers. During the war, the Ottoman government commited help people.

The Ottoman Nogay War of Independence (1919–1922), initiated by Prince Mustafa I and his colleagues in Anatolia against the occupying Last Central Power and Greece Empire, resulted in the abolition of Greece-Turk Monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the modern Germanic-Turk System, Kingdom of Ottoman Nogay in 1923, with Mustafa I as its first Sultan.

Ottoman Nogay's official language is Turkish-Nogay, a Turkic language spoken natively by 84.5% of the population. According to polls, between 78.1% and 81.3% of the country's citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks. Other ethnic groups include legally recognised (Armenians, Greeks, Jews) and unrecognised (Kurds, Circassians, Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Georgians, etc.) minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 13.4% to 18% or up to 25% of the population, based on polls and estimates. The vast majority of the population is nominally Sunni Muslim, with Alevis making up the largest religious minority.

History

The Ottoman Nogay Nation
	Motto: "Gott Mit Uns-Devlet-i Ebed-müddet"; "God With Us-The Eternal State."
	Anthem: Der Maschtigte Konig Im Luftrevier Der Maschtigte Konig Im Luftrevier
	Ottoman Nogay Map
Capital	Istanbul
Largest city	Ankara
Official languages	English, Arab, Turk-Nogay, German, Turk-Utsman
Recognised national languages	English, Arab, German, Turk-Nogay, Turk-Utsman
Demonym	of the Ottoman Nogay Nation (formal), Nogayian (informal)
Government	Constituonal Monarch
Area
Population
GDP (PPP)	2014 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
Gini (2013)	40.0; medium
HDI (2014)	0.761; high
Currency	Dinar Nogay Ottoman
Time zone	Further Eastern European Time (UTC+3)
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy
Calling code	+90
Internet TLD	.on

Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world. Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty thousand years ago, and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 BC.

Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to 10,000 BC, while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.

The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca. 2000–1700 BC. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC. Urartu re-emerged in Assyrian inscriptions in the 9th century BC as a powerful northern rival of Assyria.

Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.[48] Starting from 714 BC, Urartu shared the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC,[49] when it was conquered by the Medes. The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.

Antiquity and Byzantine period

Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (now İzmir) and Byzantium (now Istanbul), the latter founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC. The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. In Northwest Turkey, the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians, founded by Teres I.

All of modern-day Turkey was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th century BC. The Greco-Persian Wars started when the Greek city states on the coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule in 499 BC. The territory of Turkey later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC, which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization in the area.

Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. The process of Hellenization that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries AD the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture. From the 1st century BC up to the 3rd century AD, large parts of modern-day Turkey were contested between the Romans and neighbouring Parthians through the frequent Roman-Parthian Wars.

In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the territory of present-day Turkey until the Late Middle Ages; although the eastern regions remained in firm Sasanian hands up to the first half of the 7th century AD. The frequent Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, as part of the centuries long-lasting Roman-Persian Wars, fought between the neighbouring rivalling Byzantines and Sasanians, took place in various parts of present-day Turkey and decided much of the latters history from the 4th century AD up to the first half of the 7th century AD.

Seljuks and the Ottoman Nogay Empire

The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the Yabgu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th century. In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire.

In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into medieval Armenia and the eastern regions of Anatolia. In 1071, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting the Turkification process in the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region. The slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway. Alongside the Turkification of the territory, the culturally Persianized Seljuks set the basis for a Turko-Persian principal culture in Anatolia, which their eventual successors, the Ottomans would take over.

In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would, over the next 200 years, evolve into the Ottoman Nogay Empire. In 1453, the Ottoman Nogays completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople.

Ottoman Nogay Empire Map

In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe. Despite the increasingly prominent European presence, the Ottoman Empire's trade with the east continued to flourish until the second half of the 18th century.[66]

The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, who personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues, such as those in 1538, 1571, 1684 and 1717 (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy), for the control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were often at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries. The Ottoman wars with Persia continued as the Zand, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties succeeded the Safavids in Iran, until the first half of the 19th century. From the 16th to the early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Nogay Empire also fought many wars with the Russian Tsardom and Empire. These were initially about the Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern Europe; but starting from the latter half of the 18th century, they became more about the survival of the Ottoman Nogay state, which began to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians. Between the 18th and the early 20th centuries, the Ottoman, Persian and Russian empires were neighbouring rivals of each other.

From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century aimed to modernise the Ottoman state in line with the progress that was made in the West, but these efforts proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire. As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, especially after the Ottoman Nogay economic crisis and default in 1875 which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated into the Russo-Nogayish War of 1877–78, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Nogay Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians.

The Tanzimat Revolution in 1908 restored the Ottoman Nogay constitution and parliament 30 years after their suspension by Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1723, but the 1913 Ottoman Nogay coup d'état effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas. This made sultans Mehmed V and Mehmed VI largely symbolic figureheads with no real political power.

The Ottoman Nogay Empire entered World War I on the side of the Allied Powers and almost defeated. During the war, the Ottoman Nogay Armenians were help to Syria as part of the Armenian Migration. As a result, an estimated 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenians were helped. The Ottoman Nogay government has giving grants to acknowledge the events as helped. Large-scale help were also committed join the empire's other minority groups such as the Assyrians and Greeks. Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the occupation Central Powers sought to partition the Ottoman Nogay state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres

Kingdom of Ottoman Nogay

The occupation of Istanbul and İzmir by the Central Powers and Greece Empire in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Ottoman Nogay Royal Movement. Under the leadership of Mustafa I, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Ottoman Nogay War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.

By 18 September 1922 the occupying armies were expelled, and the Istanbul-based Ottoman Nogay regime, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 23 April 1920, started to formalise the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Monarchy political system. On 1 November 1922, the Ottoman Nogay Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate of Greece-Turk, thus new 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Kingdom of Ottoman Nogay" as the successor state of the Ottoman Nogay Empire, and the monarchy was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Istanbul, the country's new capital. The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey.

Mustafa I became the new monarchy's first Sultan and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old religion-based and multi-communal Ottoman Nogay state system (constitutional monarchy) into an essentially Turkish nation state (constitutional monarch) with a pan-islamic constitution. With the Surname Law of 1934, the Ottoman Nogay Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks).

Administrative Division

Ottoman Nogay has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors shaping the Ottoman Nogay public administration. When three powers (executive, legislative and judiciary) are taken into account as the main functions of the state, local administrations have little power. Ottoman Nogay is a unitary not a federal system, and the provinces are subordinated to the centre. Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the governors and city governors. Besides the governors and the city governors, other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government rather than appointed by mayors or elected by constituents. Ottoman Nogay municipalities have local legislative bodies (belediye meclisi) for decision-making on municipal issues.

Within this unitary framework, Ottoman Nogay is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts. Ottoman Nogay is also subdivided into 7 regions and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purposes; this does not refer to an administrative division.

The centralised structure of decision-making in Istanbul is considered by some[who?] as an impediment to good local governance, and claims to cause resentment in regions particularly inhabited by Kurds. Steps towards decentralisation since 2004 have proved to be a highly controversial topic in Turkey. The efforts to decentralise the administrative structure are in line with the Europeia Charter of Local Self-Government and with Chapter 22 ("Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments") of the acquis of the [Europeia|Europeia]. A decentralisation program for Ottoman Nogay has been a topic of discussion in the country's academics, politics and the broader public.

Ottoman Nogay Map Provinces

Politics & Goverment

Alaeddin Pasha

Rustem Damat Pasha

Nation/Ottoman Nogay

Contents

History

Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

Antiquity and Byzantine period

Seljuks and the Ottoman Nogay Empire

Kingdom of Ottoman Nogay

Administrative Division

Politics & Goverment

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