Difference between revisions of "Nation/Zeleny Hrebenia"

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(→‎Sound–spelling correspondences)
(→‎Sound–spelling correspondences)
 
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|}
 
|}
  
−
* Vowel length is not phonemic. Word-final vowels are realized as long.
+
* Vowel length is not phonemic. Word-final vowels are realized as long by some speakers.
−
* Stress is on the first syllable.
+
  
 
====Diphthongs====
 
====Diphthongs====
Line 45: Line 44:
 
| ɪ̯a
 
| ɪ̯a
 
| ɪ̯u
 
| ɪ̯u
−
|-
 
−
! Rounded
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
| ʊ̯ɔ
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 55: Line 49:
  
 
===Consonants===
 
===Consonants===
−
[long l and r to be eliminated in next editing cycle]
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
 
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
 
|+ Hrebenian consonant phonemes
 
|+ Hrebenian consonant phonemes
Line 96: Line 89:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan="2" | Continuant
+
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
 
! {{small|voiceless}}
 
! {{small|voiceless}}
 
| f
 
| f
Line 109: Line 102:
 
| ɣ
 
| ɣ
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan="2" | Lateral
+
! colspan="2" | Lateral
−
! {{small|plain}}
+
 
|
 
|
 
| l
 
| l
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
! {{small|geminated}}
 
−
|
 
−
| lː
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 125: Line 111:
 
|
 
|
 
| r
 
| r
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
! colspan="2" | Trill
 
−
|
 
−
| rː
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 137: Line 117:
 
* Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
 
* Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
 
* Voiced stops and affricates are fully voiced.
 
* Voiced stops and affricates are fully voiced.
−
* /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z} are laminal [t̻, d̻, t̻͡s̻, d̻͡z̻, s̻, z̻].
+
* /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ are laminal [t̻, d̻, t̻͡s̻, d̻͡z̻, s̻, z̻].
 +
* /ɣ/ is realized as /ɦ/ before consonants.
 
* /l/ is either neutral [l] or velarized [ɫ].
 
* /l/ is either neutral [l] or velarized [ɫ].
−
* Short /r/ is most often a tap [ɾ].
+
* /r/ is most often a tap [ɾ].
 
* /v/ is realized as:
 
* /v/ is realized as:
 
** Voiced fricative [v] in onsets before voiced obstruents;
 
** Voiced fricative [v] in onsets before voiced obstruents;
Line 151: Line 132:
  
 
===Stress===
 
===Stress===
−
In the standard language, the stress is always on the first syllable of a word. Some speakers place additional stress on vowel-final codas.
+
In the standard language, the stress is always on the first syllable of a word. Some speakers place an additional second stress on vowel-final codas.
  
 
==Orthography==
 
==Orthography==
  
 
===Alphabet===
 
===Alphabet===
−
[not up to date]
 
 
The Hrebenian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hrebenian language.
 
The Hrebenian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hrebenian language.
  
−
The XX letters of the Slovak alphabet are:
+
The 29 letters of the Hrebenian alphabet are:
  
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 
|-
 
|-
−
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="46" | '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
+
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" | '''Majuscule forms''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
 
|-
 
|-
−
| width=15|A || width=15|Á || width=15|Ä || width=15|B || width=15|C || width=15|Č || width=15|D || width=15|Ď || width=15|Dz || width=15|Dž || width=15|E || width=15|É || width=15|F || width=15|G || width=15|H || width=15|Ch || width=15|I || width=15|Í || width=15|J
+
| width=15|A || width=15|B || width=15|C || width=15|Č || width=15|D || width=15|Dz || width=15|Dž || width=15|E || width=15|F || width=15|G || width=15|H || width=15|I
−
| width=15|K || width=15|L || width=15|Ĺ || width=15|Ľ || width=15|M || width=15|N || width=15|Ň || width=15|O || width=15|Ó || width=15|Ô ||width=15|P || width=15|Q || width=15|R || width=15|Ŕ || width=15|S
+
| width=15|K || width=15|L || width=15|M || width=15|N || width=15|O ||width=15|P || width=15|Q || width=15|R || width=15|S
−
| width=15|Š || width=15|T || width=15|Ť || width=15|U || width=15|Ú || width=15|V || width=15|W || width=15|X || width=15|Y || width=15|Ý || width=15|Z || width=15|Ž
+
| width=15|Š || width=15|T || width=15|U || width=15|V || width=15|X || width=15|Y || width=15|Z || width=15|Ž
 
|-
 
|-
−
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="46" | '''[[Lower case|Minuscule forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
+
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" | '''Minuscule forms''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
 
|-
 
|-
−
|a ||á ||ä ||b ||c ||č ||d ||ď ||dz ||dž ||e ||é ||f ||g ||h ||ch ||i ||í ||j
+
| width=15|a || width=15|b || width=15|c || width=15|č || width=15|d || width=15|dz || width=15|dž || width=15|e || width=15|f || width=15|g || width=15|h || width=15|i
−
|k ||l ||ĺ ||ľ ||m ||n ||ň ||o ||ó ||ô ||p ||q ||r ||ŕ ||s
+
| width=15|k || width=15|l || width=15|m || width=15|n || width=15|o ||width=15|p || width=15|q || width=15|r || width=15|s
−
|š ||t ||ť ||u ||ú ||v ||w ||x ||y ||ý ||z ||ž
+
| width=15|š || width=15|t || width=15|u || width=15|v || width=15|x || width=15|y || width=15|z || width=15|ž
 
|}
 
|}
  
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|{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
 
|{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
!ô
 
−
|{{IPA|/ʊ̯ɔ/}}
 
−
|going to try to find another way to represent the diphthong
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
!u
 
!u
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|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!gh
+
!h
−
|/ɣ/ change digraph if possible, considering /x/ as well
+
|/ɣ/
−
|
+
|Becomes [ɦ] before consonants.
−
|-
+
−
!ch
+
−
|/x/ retained original Slovak digraph, see /ɣ/ as well
+
−
|
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
!k
 
!k
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|/l/
 
|/l/
 
|Can be syllabic /l̩/.
 
|Can be syllabic /l̩/.
−
|-
 
−
!ĺ
 
−
|/l̩ː/
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
!m
 
!m
 
|/m/
 
|/m/
−
|
+
|Becomes [ɱ] before /f/ and /v/.
 
|-
 
|-
 
!n
 
!n
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|/r/
 
|/r/
 
|Can be syllabic /r̩/.
 
|Can be syllabic /r̩/.
−
|-
 
−
!ŕ
 
−
|/r̩ː/
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
!s
 
!s
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|/v/
 
|/v/
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
!w
 
−
|/v/
 
−
|Only occurs in loanwords.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
!x
 
!x
−
|/ks/
+
|/x/
−
|Only occurs in loanwords.
+
|Corresponds to Slovak digraph ch.
 
|-
 
|-
 
!z
 
!z
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|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
===Notes===
  
 
[All Notes below in this section are to be updated to reflect above changes]
 
[All Notes below in this section are to be updated to reflect above changes]
Line 347: Line 309:
 
Some additional notes includes the following (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):
 
Some additional notes includes the following (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):
  
−
The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the [[phoneme|phonemic]] principle. The secondary principle is the '''morphological principle''': forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the '''etymological principle''', which can be seen in the use of ''i'' after certain consonants and of ''y'' after other consonants, although both ''i'' and ''y'' are pronounced the same way.
+
The primary principle of Hrebenian spelling is the [[phoneme|phonemic]] principle. The secondary principle is the '''morphological principle''': forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the '''etymological principle''', which can be seen in the use of ''i'' after certain consonants and of ''y'' after other consonants, although both ''i'' and ''y'' are pronounced the same way.
  
 
Finally, the rarely applied '''grammatical principle''' is present when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. pekný = nice – singular versus pekní = nice – plural).
 
Finally, the rarely applied '''grammatical principle''' is present when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. pekný = nice – singular versus pekní = nice – plural).
  
−
Most [[loanword|foreign words]] receive Slovak spelling immediately or after some time. For example, "weekend" is spelled ''víkend'', "software" - ''softvér'', "gay" - ''gej'' (both not exclusively), and "quality" is spelled ''kvalita'' (possibly from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''qualità''). Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling unless a fully Slovak form of the name exists (e.g. ''Londýn'' for "London").
+
Most [[loanword|foreign words]] receive Hrebenian spelling immediately or after some time. For example, "weekend" is spelled ''víkend'', "software" - ''softvér'', "gay" - ''gej'' (both not exclusively), and "quality" is spelled ''kvalita'' (possibly from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''qualità''). Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling unless a fully Hrebenian form of the name exists (e.g. ''Londýn'' for "London").
−
 
+
−
To accelerate writing, a rule has been introduced that the frequent character combinations ďe, ťe, ňe, ľe, ďi, ťi, ňi, ľi, ďí, ťí, ňí, ľí, ďie, ťie, ňie, ľie, ďia, ťia, ňia, ľia are written without a caron '''de, te, ne, le, di, ti, ni, li, dí, tí, ní, lí, die, tie, nie, lie, dia, tia, nia, lia'''. These combinations are usually pronounced as if a caron were found above the consonant. Some exceptions are as follows:
+
−
#foreign words (e.g. ''telefón'' is pronounced with a hard t and a hard l)
+
−
#the following words: ''ten'' (that), ''jeden'' (one), ''vtedy'' (then), ''teraz'' (now)
+
−
#nominative masculine plural endings of pronouns and adjectives do not "soften" preceding n, d, t, l (e.g. ''tí odvážni mladí muži'' {{IPA|/tiː ɔdvaːʒni mladiː muʒi/}}, the/those brave young men)
+
−
#short e in adjectival endings, which is derived from long é shortened by the "rhythmical rule" (see below), does not "soften" preceding n, d, t, l (e.g. ''krásne stromy'' {{IPA|/kraːsnɛ strɔmi/}}, beautiful trees, c.f. ''zelené stromy'' {{IPA|/zɛʎɛnɛː strɔmi/}}, green trees)
+
−
 
+
−
The letter '''ľ''' is nowadays pronounced by many speakers, particularly from western Slovakia, as a non-palatalized ''l''.
+
  
 
When a voiced [[obstruent]] (b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž) is at the end of the word before a pause, it is pronounced as its voiceless counterpart (p, t, ť, c, č, k, ch, s, š, respectively). For example, ''pohyb'' is pronounced {{IPA|/pɔɦip/}} and ''prípad'' is pronounced {{IPA|/priːpat/}}.
 
When a voiced [[obstruent]] (b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž) is at the end of the word before a pause, it is pronounced as its voiceless counterpart (p, t, ť, c, č, k, ch, s, š, respectively). For example, ''pohyb'' is pronounced {{IPA|/pɔɦip/}} and ''prípad'' is pronounced {{IPA|/priːpat/}}.
  
 
When "v" is at the end of the syllable, it is pronounced as non-syllabic u {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}, with the exception of the position before "n" or "ň". For example, ''kov'' {{IPA|[kɔʊ̯]}} (metal), ''kravský'' {{IPA|[kraʊ̯skiː]}} (cow - adjective), but ''povstať'' {{IPA|[pɔfstac]}} (uprise), because the "v" is not at the end of the syllable (''po-vstať'') and ''hlavný'' {{IPA|[ɦlaʋniː]}} because "v" stands before the "n".
 
When "v" is at the end of the syllable, it is pronounced as non-syllabic u {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}, with the exception of the position before "n" or "ň". For example, ''kov'' {{IPA|[kɔʊ̯]}} (metal), ''kravský'' {{IPA|[kraʊ̯skiː]}} (cow - adjective), but ''povstať'' {{IPA|[pɔfstac]}} (uprise), because the "v" is not at the end of the syllable (''po-vstať'') and ''hlavný'' {{IPA|[ɦlaʋniː]}} because "v" stands before the "n".
−
 
−
The graphic group '''-ou''' (at the end of words) is pronounced {{IPA|[ɔʊ̯]}} but is not considered a diphthong. Its phonemic interpretation is {{IPA|/ɔv/}}.
 
  
 
Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, ''otázka'' is pronounced {{IPA|/ɔtaːska/}} and ''vzchopiť sa'' is pronounced {{IPA|[fsxɔpit sa]}}. This rule applies also over the word boundary. One example is as follows: ''prísť domov'' {{IPA|[priːzɟ dɔmɔʊ̯]}} (to come home) and ''viac jahôd'' {{IPA|[ʋɪ̯adz jaɦʊ̯ɔt]}} (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "ch" {{IPA|/x/}} is {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, and the unvoiced counterpart of "h" {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is {{IPA|[x]}}.
 
Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, ''otázka'' is pronounced {{IPA|/ɔtaːska/}} and ''vzchopiť sa'' is pronounced {{IPA|[fsxɔpit sa]}}. This rule applies also over the word boundary. One example is as follows: ''prísť domov'' {{IPA|[priːzɟ dɔmɔʊ̯]}} (to come home) and ''viac jahôd'' {{IPA|[ʋɪ̯adz jaɦʊ̯ɔt]}} (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "ch" {{IPA|/x/}} is {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, and the unvoiced counterpart of "h" {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is {{IPA|[x]}}.
  
−
A long syllable (that is, a syllable containing á, é, í, ý, ó, ú, ŕ, ĺ, ia, {{Not a typo|ie}}, iu, ô) cannot be followed by another long one in the next syllable within the same word. This rule has morphonemic implications for [[declension]] (e.g. ''žen-ám'' but ''tráv-am'') and [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] (e.g. ''nos-ím'' but ''súd-im''). Several exceptions of this rule exist. It is typical of the literary Slovak language, and does not appear in [[Czech language|Czech]] or in some Slovak dialects.
+
Hrebenian features some [[Heteronym (linguistics)|heterophonic homographs]] (words with identical spelling but different pronunciation and meaning), the most common examples being ''krásne'' {{IPA|/ˈkraːsnɛ/}} (beautiful) versus ''krásne'' {{IPA|/ˈkraːsɲɛ/}} (beautifully).
−
 
+
−
One of the most important changes in Slovak orthography in the 20th century was in 1953 when ''s'' began to be written as ''z'' where pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} in [[prefix (linguistics)|prefixes]] (e.g. ''smluva'' into ''zmluva'' as well as ''sväz'' into ''zväz''). The phonemic principle has been given priority over the etymological principle in this case.
+
−
 
+
−
Slovak features some [[Heteronym (linguistics)|heterophonic homographs]] (words with identical spelling but different pronunciation and meaning), the most common examples being ''krásne'' {{IPA|/ˈkraːsnɛ/}} (beautiful) versus ''krásne'' {{IPA|/ˈkraːsɲɛ/}} (beautifully).
+
  
 
===Diacritics===
 
===Diacritics===
−
The [[Acute accent|acute]] mark (in Slovak "dĺžeň", "prolongation mark" or "lengthener") indicates length (e.g. í = approximately {{IPA|[iː])}}. This mark may appear on any vowel except "ä" (wide "e", široké "e" in Slovak). It may also appear above the consonants "l" and "r", indicating the long {{IPA|[lː]}} and {{IPA|[rː]}} sounds.
+
The haček indicates a change of alveolar fricatives into post-alveolar consonants. Four consonants can bear a haček: č, dž, š, and ž, which are all postalveolar affricates and fricatives.
−
 
+
−
The [[circumflex]] ("vokáň") exists only above the letter "o". It turns the o into a [[diphthong]] (see below).
+
−
 
+
−
The [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]] ("prehláska", "dve bodky" = two dots) is only used above the letter "a". It indicates a raised vowel, almost an "e", similar to German ''ä''.
+
−
 
+
−
The [[caron]] (in Slovak "mäkčeň", "palatalization mark" or "softener") indicates a change of alveolar fricatives into either post-alveolar or palatal consonants, in informal Slovak linguistics often called just "palatalization". Eight consonants can bear a caron. Not all "normal" consonants have a "caroned" counterpart:
+
−
*In printed texts, the caron is printed in two forms: (1) č, dž, š, ž, ň and (2) ľ, ď, ť  (looking more like an apostrophe), but this is just a convention. In handwritten texts, it always appears in the first form.
+
−
*Phonetically, two forms of "palatalization" exist: ľ, ň, ď, ť are [[palatal]] consonants, while č, dž, š, ž are [[postalveolar]] affricates and fricatives.
+
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
All credit for formatting, as well many of the "notes," is due to the editors of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_phonology| Slovak phonology] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_orthography| Slovak orthography] pages.
 
All credit for formatting, as well many of the "notes," is due to the editors of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_phonology| Slovak phonology] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_orthography| Slovak orthography] pages.

Latest revision as of 18:11, 22 July 2018

Hrebenian Language

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongs

Hrebenian monophthong phonemes
Front Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
  • Vowel length is not phonemic. Word-final vowels are realized as long by some speakers.

Diphthongs

Hrebenian diphthong phonemes
Ending point
Front Central Back
Unrounded ɪ̯ɛ ɪ̯a ɪ̯u
  • All of the diphthongs are rising, i.e. their second elements have more prominence.

Consonants

Hrebenian consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
voiced dz dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Lateral l
Tap r
  • Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
  • Voiced stops and affricates are fully voiced.
  • /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ are laminal [t̻, d̻, t̻͡s̻, d̻͡z̻, s̻, z̻].
  • /ɣ/ is realized as /ɦ/ before consonants.
  • /l/ is either neutral [l] or velarized [ɫ].
  • /r/ is most often a tap [ɾ].
  • /v/ is realized as:
    • Voiced fricative [v] in onsets before voiced obstruents;
    • Voiceless fricative [f] in onsets before voiceless obstruents;
    • Approximant [ʋ] in all other cases.

Some additional notes includes the following (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):

  • /r, l/ can be syllabic: /r̩, l̩/.
  • /m/ has the allophone [ɱ] in front of the labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/.
  • /n/ can be [ŋ] in front of the velar plosives /k/ and /ɡ/.

Stress

In the standard language, the stress is always on the first syllable of a word. Some speakers place an additional second stress on vowel-final codas.

Orthography

Alphabet

The Hrebenian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hrebenian language.

The 29 letters of the Hrebenian alphabet are:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C Č D Dz Dž E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S Š T U V X Y Z Ž
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c č d dz dž e f g h i k l m n o p q r s š t u v x y z ž

Sound–spelling correspondences

Key

Vowels
Grapheme IPA Notes
a /a/
e /ɛ/
i /i/
ia /ɪ̯a/ May be pronounced as two monophthongs /i.a/ in foreign words.
ie /ɪ̯ɛ/ May be pronounced as two monophthongs /i.ɛ/ in foreign words.
iu /ɪ̯u/ May be pronounced as two monophthongs /i.u/ in foreign words.
o /ɔ/
u /u/
y /i/
Consonants
Grapheme IPA Notes
b /b/
c /t͡s/
č /t͡ʃ/
d /d/
dz /d͡z/
dž /d͡ʒ/
f /f/
g /ɡ/
h /ɣ/ Becomes [ɦ] before consonants.
k /k/
l /l/ Can be syllabic /l̩/.
m /m/ Becomes [ɱ] before /f/ and /v/.
n /n/ Becomes [ŋ] before /k/ and /ɡ/.
p /p/
q /kv/ Only occurs in loanwords.
r /r/ Can be syllabic /r̩/.
s /s/
š /ʃ/
t /t/
v /v/
x /x/ Corresponds to Slovak digraph ch.
z /z/
ž /ʒ/

Notes

[All Notes below in this section are to be updated to reflect above changes]

Some additional notes includes the following (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):

The primary principle of Hrebenian spelling is the phonemic principle. The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of i after certain consonants and of y after other consonants, although both i and y are pronounced the same way.

Finally, the rarely applied grammatical principle is present when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. pekný = nice – singular versus pekní = nice – plural).

Most foreign words receive Hrebenian spelling immediately or after some time. For example, "weekend" is spelled víkend, "software" - softvér, "gay" - gej (both not exclusively), and "quality" is spelled kvalita (possibly from Italian qualità). Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling unless a fully Hrebenian form of the name exists (e.g. Londýn for "London").

When a voiced obstruent (b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž) is at the end of the word before a pause, it is pronounced as its voiceless counterpart (p, t, ť, c, č, k, ch, s, š, respectively). For example, pohyb is pronounced /pɔɦip/ and prípad is pronounced /priːpat/.

When "v" is at the end of the syllable, it is pronounced as non-syllabic u [ʊ̯], with the exception of the position before "n" or "ň". For example, kov [kɔʊ̯] (metal), kravský [kraʊ̯skiː] (cow - adjective), but povstať [pɔfstac] (uprise), because the "v" is not at the end of the syllable (po-vstať) and hlavný [ɦlaʋniː] because "v" stands before the "n".

Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, otázka is pronounced /ɔtaːska/ and vzchopiť sa is pronounced [fsxɔpit sa]. This rule applies also over the word boundary. One example is as follows: prísť domov [priːzɟ dɔmɔʊ̯] (to come home) and viac jahôd [ʋɪ̯adz jaɦʊ̯ɔt] (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "ch" /x/ is [ɣ], and the unvoiced counterpart of "h" /ɦ/ is [x].

Hrebenian features some heterophonic homographs (words with identical spelling but different pronunciation and meaning), the most common examples being krásne /ˈkraːsnɛ/ (beautiful) versus krásne /ˈkraːsɲɛ/ (beautifully).

Diacritics

The haček indicates a change of alveolar fricatives into post-alveolar consonants. Four consonants can bear a haček: č, dž, š, and ž, which are all postalveolar affricates and fricatives.

Notes

All credit for formatting, as well many of the "notes," is due to the editors of the Slovak phonology and Slovak orthography pages.

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