Difference between revisions of "Principality of Montenegro (Italian Empire)"

Revision as of 15:51, 6 April 2020

Principality of Montenegro Kneževina Crna Gora Principato del Montenegro
Anthem: Giovinezza
Capital and largest city		Podgorizza
Official languages		Italian (national) Montenegrin (national) Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian (in official use)
Writing system		Latin scropt
Ethnic groups (2018)		43.0% Montenegrins 20.2% Serbs 14.5% Italians 6.6% Bosniaks of Montenegro 3.9% Albanians 0.9% Croats 4.6% Others
Demonym		Montenegrin
Government		Unitary fascist constitutional monarchy
-	Prince of Montenegro	Italo Debalti
-	Prime Minister and Lieutenant General	Radivoje Radončić
-	President of the Corporative Assembly	Vukić Drobnjak
Legislature		Korporativna Skupština
Establishment history
-	Formation of Duklja as a vassal of Byzantine Empire	625
-	Duklja gains independence	1042
-	Kingdom of Duklja proclaimed	1077
-	Kingdom of Zeta proclaimed	1373
-	Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro founded	1516
-	First Principality of Montenegro	1 January 1852
-	Kingdom of Montenegro	28 August 1910
-	Formation of Yugoslavia	1 December 1918
-	Autonomous Republic of Montenegro	28 October 1999
-	Second Principality of Montenegro	3 June 2003
Area
-	Total	13,812 km2 5,332.843 sq mi
-	Water (%)	2.6
Population
-	January 2020 estimate	631,219
-	Density	45/km2 124/sq mi
Currency		Italian Lira (LIT)
Time zone		Central European Time (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)
Drives on the		right
Calling code		+382
Internet TLD		.me

Montenegro , officially the Principality of Montenegro, is a Realm of the Italian Empire of South Europe on the coast of the Balkans. It borders Yugoslavia to the North, Albania to the the Southest and to the East, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 (2011 census). Its capital, Podgorizza, is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country. Cettigne is designated as the Old Royal Capital.

Etymology

The country's English name derives from Venetian and translates as "Black Mountain". The native name Crna Gora, also meaning "black mountain," came to denote the majority of contemporary Montenegro in the 15th century.

History

During the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro. In 1042, Stefano Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of his dynasty. The independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries. After falling under Ottoman domination, Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš. Montenegro's de jure independence was recognised at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1905, the country became a Kingdom. After World War I, it became part of Yugoslavia.

The bombing campaign against Yugoslavia resulted in massive destructions around both the federal capital Sarajevo and the Serbian capital Belgrade but the Yugoslav Federation did not crumble into pieces, also due to the Russian, Hungarian and Greek support and to the covert German-French support; this caused severe unrest in Montenegro, which proclaimed its independence and subsequently asked for the Italian annexation.

Yugoslavian-Italian talks were unusually brief: the Yugoslavian elite did not want a peripheral and poor member which clearly said that it did not want to be a member; therefore the Independent State of Montenegro ended on 27 October 1999, and the Autonomous Republic of Montenegro was born the following day. The Second Principality of Montenegro was established on 3 June 2003

Geography

Montenegro ranges from high peaks along its borders with Serbia and Albania, a segment of the Carso, to a narrow coastal plain that is only 1.5 to 6 km wide. The plain stops abruptly in the north, where Mount Leone and Mount Orjen plunge into the inlet of the Bay of Cattaro.

Montenegro's large karst region lies generally at elevations of 1000 m above sea level; some parts, however, rise to 2000 m, such as Mount Orjen 1894 m, the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges. The Zeta River valley, at an elevation of 500 m, is the lowest segment.

The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe, averaging more than 2000 m in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is Bobotov Kuk in the Durmitor mountains, which reaches a height of 2522 m. Owing to the hyperhumid climate on their western sides, the Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.

Politics

The Constitution of Montenegro describes the state as a "Fascist Monarchy, based on the reign of Nation. The Prince of Montenegro, Italo Debalti is the Monarch, head of State. The Prince of Montenegro heads the government, incarnates the country ìì, promulgates laws, calls elections, and appoints his nominees for the Government, president and justices of the Courts. The Prince of Montenegro also grants amnesty for criminal offences, confers decoration and awards and performs other duties and is a chairman of the Defence Council. The official residence of the President is in Cettigne.

The Government of Montenegro is the executive branch of government authority of Montenegro. The government is headed by the Lieutenant General and Prime Minister, and consists of the ministers.

The Corporative Assembly is a ìunicameral legislative body. It proposes laws, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution.

Economy

The economy of Montenegro is mostly service-based in a State/Corporatist economy.

Infrastructure

The Montenegrin road infrastructure is not at Western European standards. Despite an extensive road network, no roads are built to full motorway standards.

Current Imperial route that passes through Montenegro is the Imperial Balkan Route.

The backbone of the Montenegrin rail network is the Belgrade–Antivari railway, which provides international connection towards Serbia. There is a domestic branch line, the Nikšić-Podgorica railway. Also the other branch line from Podgorica towards the Albanian border, the Podgorizza–Scutari railway, is in use.

Montenegro has two international airports, Podgorizza Airport and Teodo Airport. The port of Antivari is Montenegro's main seaport.

Languages

The official languages in Montenegro are Montenegrin and Italian. Also, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are recognized in usage. Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian are mutually intelligible, all being varieties of Serbo-Croatian language.

Religion

Montenegro has been historically at the crossroads of multiculturalism and over centuries this has shaped its unique form of co-existence between Muslim and Christian populations. Montenegrins have been, historically, members of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and Serbian Orthodox Christianity is the most popular religion today in Montenegro.

Despite tensions between religious groups during the Bosnian Wars, Montenegro remained fairly stable, mainly due its population having a historic perspective on religious tolerance and faith diversity. Religious institutions from Montenegro all have guaranteed rights and are separate from the state. The second largest religion is Islam, which amounts to 19% of the total population of the country. Half of Albanians are Catholics while the other half is mainly Sunni Muslims. There is also a Roman Catholic population, mostly Italians and Albanians with some Croats.

Education

Education in Montenegro is regulated by the Ministry of National Education.

The elementary school lasts five years (6 to 10). Until middle school, the educational curriculum is the same for all pupils: although one can attend a private or state-funded school, the subjects studied are the same (with the exception of special schools for the blind or the hearing-impaired). The students are given a basic education in Montenegrin, Italian, mathematics, natural sciences, history, geography, social studies, physical education and visual and musical arts.

Pupils have to pass an exam to access Middle School, comprising the composition of a short essay in Montenegrin, a written maths test, and an oral test on the other subjects.

Secondary education is divided in two stages: Middle School and high-school level. The Middle School lasts three years (roughly from age 11 to 13), and provides further education on the subjects studied at the Elementary School, with the addition of Technology and an European language other than Italian. At the end of the third year students sit an exam which enables them to continue their education.

The high school lasts five years (even though some Work Training Institutes might offer a diploma after only three years). All tiers involve an exam at the end of the final year, required to gain a diploma and have access to further education. The secondary school situation varies, since there are several types of schools differentiated by subjects and activities. The main division is between the High School, the Technical School the Work Training Institute. Any kind of secondary school that lasts 5 years grants access to the final exam, called Secondary Diploma Exam. This exam takes place every year around the middle of the year and grants access to University.

Higher education lasts with a certain first degree after 3 to 6 years. There is one public university (University of Podgorizza) and two private ones (Università Mediterranea and Università di Cattaro.

Public holidays

_{*2020 dates – exact dates vary each year according to the Orthodox calendar}