Difference between revisions of "Hazam language"

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==Phonology==
 
==Phonology==
 +
===Consonants===
 
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
 
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 
 
! 
 
!{{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
 
!{{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
 +
!{{wp|Labio-dental consonant|Labio-dental}}
 +
!{{wp|Dental consonant|Dental}}
 
!{{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
 
!{{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
 
!{{wp|Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar}}
 
!{{wp|Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar}}
 +
!{{wp|Retroflex consonant|Retroflex}}
 +
!{{wp|Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal}}
 +
!{{wp|Palatal consonant|Palatal}}
 
!{{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
 
!{{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
 
!{{wp|Uvular consonant|Uvular}}
 
!{{wp|Uvular consonant|Uvular}}
 
!{{wp|Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal}}
 
!{{wp|Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal}}
 
!{{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
 
!{{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
 +
!{{wp|Sibilant#Whistled sibilants|Whistled}}
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
!{{wp|Nasal stop|Nasal}}
 
!{{wp|Nasal stop|Nasal}}
 
|{{IPA|m}}
 
|{{IPA|m}}
−
|{{IPA|n}}
 
 
| 
 
| 
 
| 
 
| 
 +
|{{IPA|n}}
 
| 
 
| 
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
 +
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
 
| 
 
| 
 
| 
 
| 
 +
| 
 +
|
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
!{{wp|Plosive}}
 
!{{wp|Plosive}}
−
|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{IPA|b}} <br />{{IPA|pʼ}} {{IPA|pː}}
+
|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}<br />{{IPA|pʰ}}
−
|{{IPA|tʰ}} {{IPA|d}} <br />{{IPA|tʼ}} {{IPA|tː}}
+
|&nbsp;
 +
|&nbsp;
 +
|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}<br/>{{IPA|tʰ}}
 +
|&nbsp;
 +
|&nbsp;
 
|
 
|
−
|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{IPA|ɡ}}<br />{{IPA|kʼ}} {{IPA|xk}}
+
|{{IPA|c}}
−
|{{IPA|qʰ}} <br />{{IPA|qʼ}} {{IPA|qː}}
+
|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}<br />{{IPA|kʼ}}
−
|{{IPA|ʢ}}
+
|{{IPA|q}}
 +
|&nbsp;
 
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
 
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Sibilant consonant|Sibilant}}
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|s z
 +
|ʃ ʒ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|s͎
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Fricative consonant|Non-sibilant fricative}}
 +
|β
 +
|f {{IPA|v}}
 +
|θ ð
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ʝ
 +
|x
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|h ɦ
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
 +
|
 +
|ʋ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ɻ
 +
|
 +
|j
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ʢ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Trill consonant|Trill}}
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|r
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Lateral consonant|Lateral}} approximant
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|l
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ʎ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
!{{wp|Affricate consonant|Affricate}}
 
!{{wp|Affricate consonant|Affricate}}
 
|
 
|
−
|{{IPA|tsʰ}} {{IPA|dz}} <br />{{IPA|tsʼ}} {{IPA|sː}}
 
−
|{{IPA|tʃʰ}} {{IPA|dʒ}} <br />{{IPA|tʃʼ}}
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|ts
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|dʒ tʃ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
Nearly any consonant may be an ejective and/or combined with another consonant to in groups. Example is consonant group [ks], [kn], [kt], and [mn]/[nm].
 +
 +
===Vowels===
 +
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
 +
|-
 +
!&nbsp;
 +
!{{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
 +
!{{wp|Near-front vowel|Near-front}}
 +
!{{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
 +
!{{wp|Near-back vowel|Near-back}}
 +
!{{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
−
!{{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}}
+
!{{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
−
| {{IPA|v}}
+
|i y
−
|{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}
+
|
−
|{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}
+
|ɨ ʉ
−
| colspan=2|{{IPA|x}} {{IPA|ʁ}}
+
|
−
|{{IPA|ʜ}}
+
|ɯ u
−
|{{IPA|h}}
+
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
−
!{{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
+
!{{wp|Near-close vowel|Near-close}}
 
|
 
|
−
| {{IPA|r}} {{IPA|r̥}} <sup>1</sup>
+
|ɪ
 
|
 
|
 +
|ʊ
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Close-mid vowel|Close-mid}}
 +
|e
 +
|
 +
|ɘ
 +
|
 +
|ɤ o
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|ə
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
−
!{{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
+
!{{wp|Open-mid vowel|Open-mid}}
 +
|ɛ œ
 
|
 
|
−
|{{IPA|l}}
 
−
|{{IPA|j}}
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|ʌ ɔ
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Near-open vowel|Near-open}}
 +
|ɐ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
 +
|a
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|ɑ
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
[[Category:Languages]]
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Revision as of 03:54, 5 October 2014

Hazam
Хазамска
Native to Hazamaeia
Ethnicity Hasnunians
Region Nimtahe (northeastern)
Native speaker 10.7 million (2011 est.)
Language family

Northeastern Nimtahe

  • Hasnu-Fostralaque
    • Hasnunian
Writing system Hazamaeian Cyrillic
Code hz
hzm
Official status
Official language in Hazamaeia Hazamaeia
Regulated by Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (DNRQH)

The Hazam language (Хазамска, Fihanta transliteration: Hazamska) is a language from the northeastern region of the world of Nimtahe. It is the national language and the sole language of federal administration of Hazamaeia. It is estimated that there are more than 10 million native Hazam speaker—mostly concentrated in the Hazamaeian states of Hasnunia, Votskad, and Plovossnaia—with about 40 million other as second language speakers.

Classificaton

Hazam is an agglutinative language. It is with Fostralaque and several other languages in Galnayuk and Lugudia in the Northeastern Nimtahe language family.

Dialects

There are a number of Hazam dialects: Hasnunian, Upper Rtav, Ndosian, Mountain, Norther Mountains, Upper Plovossnaia, Lower Plovossnaia, and Upper Fostralaq. Dialects mostly differ in words rather than pronunciation. The dialect used for the national language is a standardized Hasnunian dialect.

Usage

Hazam has the official status in all of the states and provinces in Hazamaeia. The standardized dialect is regulated by the Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (Hazam: DNRQH) of the Minister of Science, Education, and Culture.

According to 2011 estimation from the Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages, there are about 10,659,512 native speakers nationwide, mostly live in the northeastern part of the country where the language is native to. 40 million people are estimated to use it as their second language.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottal Whistled
Nasal m     n   ɲ ŋ      
Plosive p b
pʰ 		    t d
tʰ 		    c k ɡ
kʼ 		q   ʔ
Sibilant s z ʃ ʒ s͎
Non-sibilant fricative β f v θ ð ʝ x h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɻ j ʢ
Trill r
Lateral approximant l ʎ
Affricate ts dʒ tʃ

Nearly any consonant may be an ejective and/or combined with another consonant to in groups. Example is consonant group [ks], [kn], [kt], and [mn]/[nm].

Vowels

  Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e ɘ ɤ o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ʌ ɔ
Near-open ɐ
Open a ɑ
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